New Technologies During The Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1508 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRUTALITY BY NEW TECHNOLOGY DURING THE CIVIL WAR No wonder that the civilized world regards our civil war, as history will yet proclaim it, the most remarkable conflict in human annals. The Civil War was a drastically brutal war, with most of the brutality being caused because of the new and deadlier technologies. It consisted of many various new technologies that made the brutality rate of the war that much higher. There was new weapons created that had huge impacts on the outcomes of the battles and the entire war overall. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "New Technologies During The Civil War" essay for you Create order Weapons were not the only new technologies that contributed to making the war that much more brutal. Railroads, telegraphs, and horseshoes even played huge roles during the war. The brutality and outcome of the Civil War was definitely shaped by new technology. One of the major weapons used during the Civil War was the rifle. Before the Civil War the inaccurate musket was used, so when the rifle was created and distributed it was certain the brutality of the war itself would increase significantly. The rifles accuracy and range was much higher than that of the muskets. The rifle had a high quality bullet called the minie ball, this bullet gripped more superiorly making the accuracy stronger, thus, intensifying the brutality of the war. There was also different types of rifles that would make it easier to load and unload while being carried on horseback. These easier held weapons were called carbines, but since they were hand held they had a shorter barrel making the accuracy and range much shorter than that of the original rifles. Because of the significant accuracy change with the new weapon, the aim and kill aspect of war strengthened. The war certainly became bloodier and deadlier with the newly constructed rifle around. Another influential technology advancement of the Civil War was the cannon. There were many different types of cannons, but used more than the others were the rifled cannons. These cannons could fire farther distances and were the most accurate. Cannons were often used to destroy large targets such as the opponents artillery bases, but other cannons were made to fire at incoming armys on the battlefield. Many of the cannons could end up harming many people if not placed properly. Some are also more prone to explosions if they were to be struck my enemy fire, for they have a black explosive powder added to them. The cannons were very loud and were often times striking near civilizations. A woman by the name of Dolly Sumner Lunt kept a journal in the time of the civil war and she said we have heard the loud booming of cannon all day. These people were so close to the battle fields and had to be ready at all times to move in order to survive or else they would be struck by cannons, leav ing more people dead from the war. The cannon was mainly used and perfected by the Union on the battle grounds, making the Confederates more of the cannon targets during the war . The cannon was certainly a very destructive and dangerous weapon enhancing the brutality overall of the war. Additionally, railroads also played a huge role in making the war that much easier to make it that much more brutal. Railroads made it possible to move huge groups of the troops to one battle or camp to another way faster than on horseback. Railroads didnt always carry people on them, often times they had supplies and weapons on them to deliver to troops to use in battle. Medical supplies were carried on the railroads to be transported to the the hospitals that were treating the wounded from the war. Many of the railroads were in the North during the war, for they were more infrastructural. With the easier supply delivery and troop movements, the war certainly became more livid. Even though they now had railroads, horses were still a very vital part of the war. Horses were used to move and carry heavy objects to and from destinations. They were put through very harsh, tough circumstances throughout the war. Over one million horses were killed within battle or because of the amount of stress that was forced on them over time. Many of the horses were used in battle, for the troops would ride on them making the approach on the enemy faster and the work of the rider easier. In order for horses to be able to withstand all this force and pressure they needed horseshoes to protect their hooves. The inventor of these magnificent horseshoes was Henry Burden. Henrys corporate empire was called Henry Burden Sons where he was able to manufacture 50,000 shoes per day. Horseshoes became an imperative part of the war and no horse would go without them. The soldiers would carry extra horseshoes with them in case the old ones were worn down or would break on the battle fiel d. Horseshoes contributed to the war tremendously, because without them it is likely many more horses would have died and they wouldnt have been as strong and powerful without these challenge conquering shoes. Horses themselves added to the brutality in such a way as the soldiers just being able to be at the battle field, and with these horseshoes on them they were able to withstand harsh ground and live longer allowing the death rate of the enemy to increase rather than the horses. In addition to all the other new technologies of the Civil War is the steamboat. These boats helped move supplies and men to and from different areas through the war. Steamboats were mainly used when there was a shortage of railroads in the area. The boats were used for mostly the same purposes as the railroads. There was another type of boat used during the war called a gunboat. These boats were not used for transporting supplies and men, but for invading the enemy by water instead of by land. These boats were heavily armed with many guns and cannons. A lot of the times these boats were also used to fire at other oncoming enemy boats or enemy boats with their artillery on them, destroying the boats leaving nothing but ash. The steamboats worked until blockades began to be introduced which stopped the access of the boats to the enemies side, but until then they were very victorious. Steamboats and gunboats both made the brutality of the war increase because of the damage the gunboats were able to cause on the opposing side and the amount of people and supplies transported by the steamboats. Without these two new technologies the war would have only taken place on land and not by sea, so this added a whole new war strategy and new opportunities to defeat the enemy. Telegraphs were another important technology of the Civil War. The telegraph was the messenger throughout the war. It would send electric signals across an electric wire that was between the locations of where they were communicating. One of its uses was to help direct where and when the armies should be at certain locations. It allowed them to know better about what was ahead of them from past experiences of allies that have been in a certain location. The commanders during the war were able to communicate strategies easily with their troops making it a lot easier to battle during the Civil War. The telegraphs were also a safe way to communicate with each other, for it made it hard for the enemies to find out strategies and plans of attack on the opponent. Without telegraphs the war would have been a completely different game. The strategies of both sides would have been different and the amount of people killed much higher, since the amount of blind attacks and unpreparedness would be increased. With the telegraphs they were able to strategically plan out and be ready for whatever was to come their way through the communicative system, and they were also able to plan out attacks on the opposing team killing and defeating them easily. At the present time many technologies are also used during war. The technologies used today are advanced technologies of the earlier era. Today troops are able to battle from the air not only with combat planes, but with drones. With these drones you dont have to have a passenger aboard, meaning less people will die from and during air combat. Instead of the telegraph, today there are many different electronic ways of communicating. All these new commutative ways were all started and built off the invention of the telegraph during the Civil War. Powerful tanks are a huge staple in the wars of today. These large, heavily equipped machines are what are use instead of horses to battle. As shown many of the present day technologies used during war are just advancements of the Civil War technology. All of the technologies present and past will always be huge contributors to the brutality of the wars.

Essay about Everyone Deserves a Second Chance - 980 Words

Attending Samford University as a freshman, I was more than positive that all of my classes would be boring until I enrolled in Communication Arts 101. Communication Arts is a class required for all freshmen to take and it helps develop writing and speaking skills that will empower us as students. Traditionally, college professors will ask their students to write an essay and move on to the next assignment. In contrast, Samford University incorporates formal speeches into the curriculum to help students vocally express their research and thoughts. Our class was recently assigned to deliver an Informative speech, which is a major portion of our grade. My speech received a fairly good grade; however, there are some aspects of my speech that†¦show more content†¦The second weakness I observed in my Informative speech was my lack of commanding the material. While I was delivering my speech, I continuously read my notes cards verbatim instead of paraphrasing my information to mak e my speech sound fluent. There were many accounts where I constantly made this mistake of reading my note cards verbatim. For instance, this occurred when I alleged, â€Å"Social Media Networking is the process in which society use social media to promote businesses and communicate with friends and family.† When I read this statement from my note cards verbatim, it showed my audience my lack of mastery over the material. The audience may become uninterested and unreceptive when the presenter reads from their notes too often. This weakness can also cause the presenter to makes less eye-contact with the audience. Even though my eye-contact was decent throughout the speech, I continuously stared at my note cards which caused the attention of my audience to drift away. In order for this not to reoccur, I simply need to practice more. I know this may sound broad, but the more I practice my speech the less I will depend on my note cards to get me through the presentation. Hencefor th, I stood in the mirror for numerous hours imagining the mirror was my audience. I envisioned my classmates in front of me as I assimilated gestures and constant eye-contact to engage my audience. When I deliver my Revision speech, my audience willShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : A Hot Topic On The Public Eye996 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment has been a hot topic in the public eye for some time. The question on many minds is whether it is acceptable for the state to end one’s life for the crime they have committed. I believe that everyone deserves a second chance. Another issue that we should address is, that in the justice system on daily basis we will encounter mistakes being made. With that said, if an innocent was executed, there is no way for the system to redeem itself, there is no way for that person to be broughtRead MoreJuveniles Being Tried as Adults1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe past 30 years or so, the idea of a juvenile or teenager being tried as an adult has been a very controversial issue. When a juvenile commits a very heinous crime, many believe that that youth deserves to be tried as an adult, and given a full sentence. Some even believe that these juveniles deserve to go to adult prison. When a child kills, does he instantly become an adult? Or does he maintain some trappings of childhood, despite the gravity of his actions? (Reaves Para 1). What draws theRead MoreGiving People A Second Chance By Ernest Martinez905 Words   |  4 PagesIn Ernest Martinez’s article, â€Å"Giving People a Second Chance,† he express his thought towards Hispanic ex-convicts. Martinez believes that once ex-convicts do their time in prison, they should be given an equal opportunity to find quality work just as those who were never in prison. He writes that society tends to neglect â€Å"Hispanic brethren who are ex-convicts who need employment avenues for re-entry into society.† Martinez’s main point is that, ev en individuals who decide to make wrong decisionsRead MorePunishment Fails, Rehabilitation Works As defined in the dictionary, rehabilitation is the process600 Words   |  3 Pagesof punishment depends on the crime committed. For example, if someone stole an article of clothing from a store, the punishment would be much different than if another person decided to kill their neighbor. Personally, I believe that everyone deserves a second chance to get their life back. Humans are only put on this world once, and they need to make the best of it – even if they commit an awful crime. In Romans 2:1, the Bible states that â€Å"You, therefore, have no excuse, you who pass judgment onRead MoreDeath Penalty : Analyzing The Capital Punishment s Statistical Effects And Harms1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthem. This guilt makes them feel as if they deserve this punishment. The truth is they do not deserve it. No human being in this world deserves that punishment. They deserve a second chance. They deserve a glimmer of hope in their life that makes them strive to do better. The death penalty kills their hope. It takes their hope and annihilates it, leaving no traces behind. The death penalty is a punishment that should never be used because no person deserves to be killed for their actions, and it hasRead MoreRespect And Respect Of Respect1094 Words   |  5 Pagesusually comes from the qualities, abilities, or achievements of whatever or whoever you respect. Respect is something worked up to. However, even though respect is something that is completely intangible, it is something that is extremely sought after. Everyone wants the respect of someone. It could be a parent, a friend, a teacher, a boss, or many other countless possibilities. No matter why you want it or who you want it from, it is going to take some hard work to gain something as valuable as someone’sRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Juveniles1016 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be treated differently than an adult who commit the same crime, but that’s not what’s happenin g today. Young children are not the same as an adult in many ways, so they should not be put in jail for life if they commit a crime. Nobody really deserve to be put into a jail for the rest of their life, especially a young kid. It is injustice to sentenced juveniles, who committed murder, a life to prison because it violate the rights that were given to all of us. All people experienced or experiencingRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee663 Words   |  3 Pagesautomatically seen as guilty. When Atticus was chosen to defend Tom Robinson many of the people in the community took it upon themselves to pay him a visit. It was understood by everyone that Tom had no chance and some of the men in the county went to Atticus to see if he would drop the case. Atticus knows though that Tom is innocent and deserves to have a fair trial. â€Å"Link, that boy might go to the chair, but he’s not going until the truth’s told† (Lee 146) . Atticus demands justice no matter who it is or whatRead MoreJuvenile Prisons And Its Effects On Youth1204 Words   |  5 Pagesofficials should give them a second chance. Miracles always happen when granted a second chance. Second chances should not be given to everyone but to the ones that deserve to have a second chance. If a teen, for instance had to steal money for food or something very im portant, when caught he should not be remanded but given another chance. This would help the juvenile because when granted a second chance, he or she would not repeat the same mistake again. Second chances can also be dangerous becauseRead MoreKendall Le1. Roskos, Ela 1St. 3/20/17. Living Life With1504 Words   |  7 Pagesmaybe even more classes once they are out of prison, they can be qualified to get a job and be productive citizens. All human life has value no matter what he/she did. Capital punishment is inhuman no matter what. There are multiple reasons why everyone should be against capital punishment. One reason is that many innocent lives have been lost because someone didn’t have a good lawyer, or they got blamed for something and couldn’t defend for themselves, â€Å"innocent men and women have been released

Social Care Impact of Young Adults-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Social Care Impact of Young Adults in Residential Setting. Answer: Social care has become a concept used widely for the research of state welfare and has experienced a series of consecutive reforms over the current years. The advanced prospects of social care had determined the public in the desire of a better care followed by the client-centered approach. The increase in the number of the population has expanded the need for more and more social care activities (McNamara et al. 2014). However, the social care industry has faced numerous challenges throughout the social growth and development. This report will provide the importance of client-centered approach with respect to the client and its family, ensuring quality care, to observe the clients need and suggesting ways to meet the client demands professionally. A detailed discussion of the various parameters of social care work is specified. The report also emphasizes the need for the multiagency approach. Social care is an occupation with a professional commitment to the arrangement and delivery of superiority care and additional support services for individuals such as a child, young adults, and groups with recognized requirements (Bulmer 2015). The reason for the establishment of Social care communities was to provide ongoing service needs of children, young adults and older people as well. It is an essential step in carrying ahead with the plan and implementation of ideas of care across Social Care Divisions to preserve and maintain inhabitants to survive at home or in their own group of people, in turn, promoting their freedom and lifestyle preference. Social care has enhanced the usual standard of livelihood for those vulnerable to society by giving immense support (Payne 2013). The fundamental values of justice and equity that are established by the keenness of Irish people to distribute resources and liability are viewed in Irelands social care system. It has reflected in the m odification and key reforms prepared to the system since its foundation. Residential care delivers secure and nurturing surroundings for children and young people who cannot stay with their families, or in a substitute unit of family environment, for example- foster care. The key characteristics of social care model keeping in the account for better care-delivery are briefly discussed. Severe budgetary manacles, with the increasing population, have made the cost of care for the young adults in a residential setting, the main policy issue in the Republic of Ireland (Prior 2017). Although the young adults acknowledge the residential care, more transformations are required to meet the individual needs and depend upon the residential cares accordingly. According to the reports in the year 2015, Ireland accounts for 7.8% of the total GDP spending for health and social care purposes. A very small percentage of the GDP is spent on the benefits of health and social care for the young adults, which is supposed to increase in the near future, as proposed by the Republic of Ireland (Wells and White 2014). However, it is important to understand more appropriate strategic plans are required for the adaptability of the situations that would suit the individual need s of the vast majority of young adults in the residential setting. Healthcare system in the Republic of Ireland, also known as the Health Service Executive (HSE), is mainly capitalized from the general taxation (Mc Donnell et al. 2009-2011). Although the government undertakes most of the social care responsibilities, however a major chunk of the young adults remains deprived of the facilities. Thus, formulation of strategic plans is very necessary in order to achieve a better standard of living for the young adults. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the significance of interacting and accepting the needs of young adults as a sole person taking onto deliberation their faith and belief in a reasonable approach that neither focuses on the biomedical features or psychosocial features (Heery et al. 2015). It is observed with the comparison between the earlier mentioned models and the biopsychosocial model, the biopsychosocial model comprises a much complicated extensive dimension of social care. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) represents a structure that can be used for all the essentials of rehabilitation. ICF is used broadly to determine and differentiate the extensive implications of social care for young adults (Layte Sexton and Savva 2013). The communicative approach is highly praised in the context of the ICF Model of the Republic of Ireland. It is recognized acting the acting body for the causes of disability and supporting social care. Every individual should avail the proper benefits in terms of treatment and care. Multiagency Approach is an efficient way of helping and supporting young adults, children and their families with added requirements and serving to secure genuine improvements in their lives (Gilling et al. 2013). It is an effective process of addressing the problems and issues of helpless and poor children and young adults, against which the agency comes up with unique and innovative solutions, providing a sense of relief to the individual as well as their families. The multi-agency team comprises of a team of medical practitioners, dedicated social workers and other young educated staffs (Petrosino et al. 2015). All the members of a multiagency perform social works as teamwork in order to achieve the desired outcomes. The team also arranges for regular meetings for solving various issues encountered while approaching a certain individual or a group of family. There exists a very well balanced team-member of educated, social care, health and youth justice specialists or practitioner s. The multiagency activities mainly focus on the support for young adults, child or family members. Joint assessments are being carried out with information sharing followed by provision of unique advanced care of the entities. A client-centered approach to the needs and demands of a client is essential for ensuring the best service is provided to the client and its family in order to suffice the clients needs. It also helps the clients to rectify their individual needs (Graham et al. 2014). The client-centered approach can be achieved through different aspects of social works and the way the service is being delivered to the clients. Some aspects, when implemented in the caregiving service, can achieve the client-centered approach are briefly discussed. Flexibility in service is essential to meet the clients requirements. The flexible attitudes of the multiagency workers provide quality care to clients. One must be supple and flexible sufficient enough perform multi-tasks, which often takes place (Griffin 2014). At the same time, it is essential to know to prioritize essential tasks in an effective and proficient manner for creating a sense of feeling within the clients and their family that they are the center of the service area and are extremely valuable to organizational terms. Again, creative and innovative ideas must be formulated in the context of the client-centered approach. A creative thinker can always suggest better ways of providing child and young residential care (Cooper et al. 2013). The multiagency service-providers must be passionate about the dedication towards their work. It encourages and enhances the capability to perform well towards varying needs of the clients. In every way, the clients are ensured of gettin g a service that involves direct their passion in every way to help the child and young adults to lead prosperous and healthier lives (Rogers 2013). Thereafter, the multi-agency approach must be sympathetic towards the innocent child and young adults while delivering health care. It can be only felt when the workers themselves would consider in place of the clients and think accordingly. Clients and their families are further required to be comfortable and open through someone they believe they can have faith and trust. The clients will feel more comfortable with the hope that they can rely on someone trustworthy (McMillan 2013). In addition, the multiagency workers must be very positive and competent towards the service they are providing. The confidence of the workers will reflect a sense of belief and trust among the clients and their families thus ethically promoting motivation within the workers. The consistency in the service provider is very necessary as it gives the impressi on of the respective organization (Joseph and Murphy 2013). In every aspect, the consistency of caregiving and the caregiver plays the most vital role in satisfying a clients needs. Thus, one must be consistent enough in terms of quality service provision at any point in time. The multiagency develop and provide skilled care to susceptible individuals and various entities of any age that encounter marginalization, difficulty or extraordinary needs. As well as defending and advising for such persons and groups, the multiagency worker efficiently guide, challenge and sustain, those commended for their concern toward successfully achieving their limited potential (Giger 2016). Clients and their families have many unrecognized unique and varying needs at any stage of advancement. There are various reasons of necessity for identifying the client-needs by the multiagency approach that required for a range of factors. A better health aspect is such a factor that is the most concerned need of a client in the field of multiagency approach. Another important need of the clients is the knowledge and education for better livelihood (Giddings and Winter 2013). Until and unless the clients are educated enough, they are unable to understand the significance of a multi-ag ency approach, which in turn provides accuracy in care of client is very essential, is another important (Stotzer Silverschanz and Wilson 2013). Better family and active social relationships are one vital need of the socially neglected clients. The continuity of relations within the families is driven by the necessity of multiagency approach. There is also need of clients for the basic safety and protection from anti-social elements. Client-centered needs specifically can be attained through communication between the clients and other organizational entities such as nurses, doctors and other organizational hierarchies (Coady and Lehmann 2016). The key factors in order to provide successful client-centric solutions to the varying needs require appropriating strategies in a multiagency sector. Every client anticipates equal respect in terms of wishes, values, perspectives, concerns, priorities, and strengths. Thus, delivery of proper care is essential with equal respect to meet the client-needs efficiently (Culbertson and Chen 2013). Every client perceives for a sympathetic treatment taking into account of being a human, not as problems or diagnoses. Appropriate orientation and enduring staff education and training are essential to the performance of client-centered care exercises. A proper review of nurses must be conducted in order to enhance the caring skills of nurses from clients point of view, in turn meeting the client expectations (Nielsen et al. 2013). Educating and training of non-medical staffs apart from nurses and doctors is an essential requirement. All the organizational employees related to the health care activities must receive accurate guidance and knowledge that will yield client-centered services from every individual. Clients classify the goals that synchronize the practices of the social care team. All members of the team should work accordingly, facilitating the attainment of these goals (Muskett 2014). Clients need a consistent continuity of care and caregiver that provides an establishment of client-centered care. Clients and their family want the timely addressing of the issues hampering the services is very important without any unnecessary delay that should be followed immediately with a prompt response (Trotter 2015). Clients and their family wait for an immediate response to any kind of issue that should be immediately taken care of with immediate response. The sudden concern and response from the multiagency workers will motivate the clients to remain in taking service from the respective group. Apart from that, every client wants to listen to their problems and needs carefully, while keeping aside the negative and unwanted experiences of the multiagency members and focus on the present situation and issues. Moreover, the clients prefer to be graciously received in accordance with their problems and handling with care and positivity. At under any circumstances, clients expect a happy and smiling attitude from the service providers. Formulation of client-centric policies is a significant job. Tremendous emphasis is given to the health care laws that are followed by utter discretion. The Irish constitution allocates undeviating authority over hospitals in different provinces. The residual power to control the social care is originated from Constitutional laws, which are separated between the central and the provincial governments. The Youth Homelessness Strategy (2001) is established to focus on the Youth Homelessness Strategy was on setting up of policies and setting out methods to make sure young people do not experience outcast as adults (Watts 2013). Young people who were directly or indirectly the part of the social care programme were being identified by the need for accommodation. The Republic of Ireland has effectively identified the need for accommodation to the homeless youth and has been successful in achieving the desired result. One key action taken to meet this commitment has been the addition in 20 17 of care leavers as a category in their own right qualifying for the Capital Assistance Scheme (Finnerty and Connel 2017). The stability provided by a secure tenancy in suitable accommodation, together with the aftercare supports, is intended to provide these vulnerable young people with a safe base from which to begin their life as an independent adult. Social care has seen a tremendous growth area in the Republic of Ireland. The social workers play a very important role as they create a genuine difference in the life of others. Formal social care has modest initial stages, located inside a largely secretarial or humanitarian context, but has at present extended to include the constitutional, community and voluntary sectors. It is highly recommended that in order to achieve a greater aspect of social being of the environment and the society the dedication in every related task is necessary. There are several other recommendations also that include the expansion of network distribution, meeting the rising demands for client-expectations and formulation of new beneficial regulatory strategies, in order to maintain its golden run over the years. References Antheunis, M.L., Tates, K. and Nieboer, T.E., 2013. Patients and health professionals use of social media in health care: motives, barriers and expectations.Patient education and counseling,92(3), pp.426-431. Bulmer, M., 2015.The social basis of community care (routledge revivals). Routledge. Coady, N. and Lehmann, P. eds., 2016.Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach. Springer Publishing Company. Cooper, M., O'Hara, M., Schmid, P.F. and Bohart, A. eds., 2013.The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy and counselling. Palgrave Macmillan. Culbertson, H.M. and Chen, N., 2013.International public relations: A comparative analysis. Routledge. Finnerty, J. and OConnell, C., 2017. Changing precarities in the Irish housing system: supplier-generated changes in security of tenure for domiciled households.Global Discourse,7(4), pp.473-488. Giger, J.N., 2016.Transcultural Nursing-E-Book: Assessment and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Graham, K., Saunders, S.J., Flower, M.C., Timney, C.B., White-Campbell, M. and Zeidman, A., 2014.Addictions treatment for older adults: Evaluation of an innovative client-centered approach. Routledge. Griffin, J., 2014.Client-centered exercise prescription, 3E. Human Kinetics. Heery, E., Kelleher, C.C., Wall, P.G. and McAuliffe, F.M., 2015. Prediction of gestational weight gaina biopsychosocial model.Public health nutrition,18(8), pp.1488-1498. Joseph, S. and Murphy, D., 2013. Person-centered approach, positive psychology, and relational helping: Building bridges.Journal of Humanistic Psychology,53(1), pp.26-51. Layte, R., Sexton, E. and Savva, G., 2013. Quality of life in older age: evidence from an Irish cohort study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,61(s2). McDonnell, R., Delany, V., O'mahony, M.T., Mullaney, C., Lee, B. and Turner, M.J., 2014. Neural tube defects in the Republic of Ireland in 200911.Journal of Public Health,37(1), pp.57-63. McMillan, S.S., Kendall, E., Sav, A., King, M.A., Whitty, J.A., Kelly, F. and Wheeler, A.J., 2013. Patient-centered approaches to health care: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Medical Care Research and Review,70(6), pp.567-596. McNamara, N., McNicholas, F., Ford, T., Paul, M., Gavin, B., Coyne, I., Cullen, W., O'connor, K., Ramperti, N., Dooley, B. and Barry, S., 2014. Transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services in the Republic of Ireland: an investigation of process and operational practice.Early intervention in psychiatry,8(3), pp.291-297. Munn-Giddings, C. and Winter, R., 2013.A handbook for action research in health and social care. Routledge. Muskett, C., 2014. Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International journal of mental health nursing,23(1), pp.51-59. Nielsen, A.E., Noone, J., Voss, H. and Mathews, L.R., 2013. Preparing nursing students for the future: An innovative approach to clinical education.Nurse education in practice,13(4), pp.301-309. Payne, G. ed., 2013.Social divisions. Palgrave Macmillan. Petrosino, A., Campie, P., Pace, J., Fronius, T., Guckenburg, S., Wiatrowski, M. and Rivera, L., 2015. Cross-sector, multi-agency interventions to address urban youth firearms violence: A rapid evidence assessment.Aggression and violent behavior,22, pp.87-96. Prior, P.M., 2017.Asylums, Mental Health Care and the Irish: 1800-2010. Irish Academic Press. Rogers, C.R., 2013. Client-centered therapy.Current psychotherapies, p.95. Stotzer, R.L., Silverschanz, P. and Wilson, A., 2013. Gender identity and social services: Barriers to care.Journal of Social Service Research,39(1), pp.63-77. Trotter, C., 2015.Working with involuntary clients: A guide to practice. Routledge. Watts, B., 2013. Rights, needs and stigma: a comparison of homelessness policy in Scotland and Ireland.European Journal of Homelessness,7(1), pp.41-68. Wells, J. and White, M., 2014. The impact of the economic crisis and austerity on the nursing and midwifery professions in the Republic of Irelandboom,bustand retrenchment.Journal of Research in Nursing,19(7-8), pp.562-577.

Socrates and Martin Luther King Essay Example

Socrates and Martin Luther King Essay Martin Luther King demanded revolution and change in the attitude of general public with Negro community. He had same objective as Socrates; free the youth and leave the path of truth for the forth coming generation. King seems more aggressive in debating, in his letter which he wrote from Birmingham Jail, what wrong the laws brought for Negros and denounced injustice by justifying his actions in that regard. Socrates didn’t opt for direct action and only taught the youth about good, virtue and what is right. King on the other hand took actions to stop injustice. King:   We had no alternative except to prepare for direct action†¦ (Letter 1963) Socrates created tension in minds of youth to be discerning about truth. King went on creating tension in the state. King (relates his situation with Socrates): Just as  Socrates  felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, so must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood. (Letter 1963) We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates and Martin Luther King specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates and Martin Luther King specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates and Martin Luther King specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer King Points out the demerits of the system and people who are part of it King: While Mr. Boutwell is a much gentler person than Mr. Connor; they are both segregationists, dedicated to maintenance of the status quo. (Letter 1963) King was fighting for civil rights whereas Socrates seemed to have been in intellectual fight. However, it will be right to suggest that the latent objective in both the personalities’ decision making was personal and intellectual growth of individuals. King: when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people. (Letter 1963) Socrates decided not to disobey the laws and die instead of escaping the unjust punishment because the law said that his escape may support jury’s conviction and they were right to sentence Socrates. It would have been easier for the jury to prove that the one who breaks the laws could be thought to corrupt the young minds. Contrary to Socrates’ decision to abide by the law no matter what, King decided to go against the discriminatory laws if necessary for his campaign. King writes: You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern.  (Letter 1963) At another point King expresses his opinion on breaking the unjust laws and writes: Thus it is that I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong. (Letter 1963) However, Socrates never thought of breaking the law. His friend Crito offered him escape from the prison because he was afraid that majority would think that Crito was not able to save his friend. But Socrates refused and believed that good will prevail and will be identified by good people one day. (In Plato’s five dialogues) Socrates replied to Crito: But why, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion  of the many? Good men, and they are the only persons who are worth considering,  will think of these things truly as they happened.  (Jowett) The situation made him concur not to accept unjust laws. King: I would agree with  St. Augustine  that an unjust law is no law at all. King takes his stance on defining what a just law is according to him. King:  How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law†¦Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.  (Letter 1963) Socrates’ stance on unjust law: Very good; and is not this true, Crito, of other things  which we need not separately enumerate? In the matter of just and unjust,  fair and foul, good and evil, which are the subjects of our present consultation,  ought we to follow the opinion of the many and to fear them; or the opinion  of the one man who has understanding, and whom we ought to fear and reverence  more than all the rest of the world: and whom deserting we shall destroy  and injure that principle in us which may be assumed to be improved by  justice and deteriorated by injustice; is there not such a principle?  (Jowett) King’s justification for his non violent direct action campaign (despite the fact that permission wasn’t granted) is that it is absolutely unjust to not let them protest when they are robbed of their God given rights. He writes: In your statement you assert that our actions, even though peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence. But is this a logical assertion? Isnt this like condemning a robbed man because his possession of money precipitated the evil act of robbery? Isnt this like condemning Socrates because his unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical inquiries precipitated the act by the misguided populace in which they made him  drink hemlock? (Letter 1963) Socrates obeyed the laws because to him being alive was not the objective but leading a good life was. Socrates: I find with surprise that the  old argument is, as I conceive, unshaken as ever. And I should like to  know whether I may say the same of another proposition- that not life, but a good life, is to be chiefly valued?  (Jowett) Socrates hinted towards similar example which King proposed. King suggested that depriving Blacks of their rights is as wrong as robbing some person of his property. Socrates: For doing evil to another is the same as injuring  him? Then we ought not to retaliate or render evil for evil  to anyone, whatever evil we may have suffered from him.  (Jowett) Socrates accepts the punishment and drinks hemlock. But he never accepts that what he taught was wrong or evil. He never apologizes for it. King on the other hand was careful to hurt anyone’s feelings and apologizes to public if he understated the truth. King: If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having a patience that allows me to settle for anything less than brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me. (Letter 1963) Both the figures brought change in the way of thinking of people. Socrates’ silence spoke words that his followers could hear and he showed them the way to knowledge and truth. King struggled and achieved his goal to change the prejudiced thinking of whites against blacks.

Marketing Strategy

Executive summary The basis of this report is information on the shoes used by trainees to achieve success of maintaining personal fitness. The report involves evaluating the marketing strategy used by Guangzhou Kala health shoes Technology Company Limited in China.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It suggests solutions for ensuring development and improvement of the company. The purpose of this report is to investigate and analyze the marketing strategy using marketing tools and techniques, SWOT analyzes, market segmentation and positioning, competitors performance and marketing mix of the company. It will also recommend the changes in marketing strategy to be made by the firm to improve the competitive position of the firm in the industry. It also shows the benefits of marketing tactics and strategies of other successful organizations. Introduction Gang Li u owns Guangzhou Kala health shoes Technology Company Limited. The company specializes in the manufacture, retailing and distributor of height increasing shoes, massage slipper, healthy slipper and sandal boots in its main markets in North America, Eastern Europe and South East Asia among others worldwide (Made in china, 2011, par.1). The company has more than 1000 employees specialized in research, development, production and marketing of health shoes. It has been in the market for over 10 years with the brand names of Nike, Reebok, Puma, Adidas and K-Swiss. It has 180 stores in china (Venture navigator 2010, par.1). Current Strategies The company has been offering its products or services to the market for ten years. The analyst had to ensure that the company had already established its own market internationally and had the capability of surviving in the market. The marketing strategy evaluation and analysis suggests the ideal progress of the company and recommendations are to im prove the company’s performance and competitiveness.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their volume of annual sales had improved drastically given increased product distribution hence evidence that it will continue penetrating into the market and make more profits (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Objectives of the Company The firm has various objectives including provision of quality products and services that attract and maintain more customers from their competitors by satisfying and ensuring their customers hence maintaining the relationship and meeting expectations. The company aims at using technology and innovation that improves modern enterprise management systems by developing unique products and services and increasing customer awareness. Lastly, it aims at establishing people-oriented concepts by learning and understanding customer needs and while increasing its value (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Situational Analysis.  Pestle Analysis.  Political factors The company’s location in China has created many issues and changes in the company due to the laws and regulations, global changes, data protection and the legislation of the country. There is a lot of corruption and collapse of the government representatives to the laws and regulations set by the government. The government representatives unite with the criminals to cause crimes to the expatriates and property thus limiting growth and development of the company. There is no transparency in the government laws and regulations forcing the company to be alert on the laws and regulations surrounding the company and to learn from the experience of other companies to avoid additional operational costs especially in research. The government imposes restrictions on exports and imports using measures such as high taxation on smuggled goods to protect business investments. The count ry experiences frequent natural disasters leading to losses whenever the company is affected.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic factors People in modern areas have a higher disposable income than those in the rural areas limiting the market share of the company to the urban centre. Unequal GDP and development in the country reduces the development and growth of the company operations due to low turnover and revenue. The prices of goods and services are very high due to increased costs of transportation and raw materials. The national income comes from high taxation of businesses because most of the people in the country face financial hardships and are unable to generate enough revenue to cater for the government expenditure. Social-cultural factors There is high rural-urban migration leading to high unemployment and insecurity in urban areas in Chi na. The workers are unpaid for their services and refute free labor unions and channels of appeal. These problems have led to frequent protests and demonstrations in urban areas disrupting business operations. The country has a big gap between the rich and the poor resulting to a wide gap in education and living standards. There are high-income earners in the country who have the potential of purchasing goods without financial limitations. The country has a variety of customs and beliefs that are essential for the growth of the company. Increased insecurity in the country limits foreign investors thus reducing competition in the market. Technological Factors The country is facing difficulties of water and power shortages. Power rationing measures occur when there is high demand for products and services thus minimizing utilization of production resources. The low level of education limits technology development in the country. Only the few educated are able to carry out technical ac tivities. SWOT Analysis Strengths The company motivates its workers by paying their salaries fairly and as required. It produces a variety of unique and quality personal fitness shoes that are affordable by all classes of people.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has created good reputation in the country and internationally due to its good relationship between the consumers, other companies, and the local government safeguarding its image during disputes and marketing activities. The company is able to hire qualified and skilled employees. It has 1000 expertise in investigation, improvement and invention of its products and services. The company has a total annual sales volume of US$ 50 to 100million and an export percentage of 61% to 70% (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Weaknesses Guangzhou Kala health shoes Technology Company Ltd is able to produce only height increasing shoes, massage slippers, healthy slippers, and sandal boots hence the need to innovate more brands to meet customer needs and wants (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Opportunities The company can easily grow due to its market establishment in developed countries such as the North America. Its brand names are famous and prosperous among many nations thus enhancing its brand im age. The restrictions of the government laws on smuggling goods gives the company an advantage over its competitors since its quality of products and services maintains. There is increased need for personal fitness globally hence; the company has a greater chance of improving its profits (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Threats The poor economic status of the country and the high taxation of revenue by the government reduce the company’s profits and capabilities. There is increased competition from other personal fitness shoes producers in the world by producing better products and services and establishing dominant markets for example, the Reebok Company (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Differential advantage/competitive edge (USP) The company produces unique and quality products that differentiate the company products and services from its competitors. Their products are very important in personal fitness trainer’s institutions since they reflect a lot in customer benefits . Its efforts to understand consumer needs and wants of personal fitness globally has generated a bigger market share and advanced the profits of the company (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Segmentation targeting and Positioning (STP) Segmentation Segmentation divides the company’s target markets into different sectors. Segmentation is important to the company to improve its profits and market strategies by understanding their customer needs that attract and maintain them from the company’s competitors. The company’s establishment and progress has majored on behavioral and geographic segmentation (Doole, 2008, p.197). Behavioral Segmentation A good example for this form is a case in which customers make purchases based on the benefits they get from the product, level of usage of the product, level of loyalty, user status and level of their readiness to purchase (Doole, 2008, p.198). The company has discovered the rising need and demand for personal fitness in many countries due to the increased health problems and activities. They used shoes since personal fitness shoes are much different from the normal unhealthy shoes. This has led to the increase in their penetration in the market since the consumers are willing to buy the shoes at any cost and time. The personal fitness trainers also advise their customers on the shoes to use to keep fit (Dance, 2009, par.1). Geographic Segmentation The company has its main markets in North America, Eastern Europe, South East Asia, Africa and Mid East Asia. This segmentation has enabled the company to develop appropriate marketing strategies and decisions regarding its brands and multinational business progress. It has established 180 stores in China (Made in china, 2011, para.2). Positioning The idea of positioning is relates to the way consumers perceive and evaluate products and services. Consumers rank the features and attributes of the product against those of the competitors. The company’s a bility to identify the need for shoes personal fitness has enabled the company to be different from its competitors. The company uses shoes to attract consumers who seek personal training and making them get comfort and the necessary fitness they need. This has enabled the company to attract and maintain their own customers and that of competitors through the benefits derived from the product. The company has established international markets that are in developed countries enabling the company to maximize its profits. This has enabled the company to increase its total sales volume drastically (Made in china, 2011, par.2). Marketing Objectives and Goals (SMART) The company aims at enlarging its market worldwide by ensuring accessibility to products and communication. It evaluates and analyzes its markets to reflect on the changes necessary in the business. Individual branding differentiates their products through creating a products image and unique identity. This helps to distingui sh its products from that of the competitors. The company keeps on evaluating and understanding the government laws and regulations to make investment decisions to avoid disagreements during their market operations. This helps the company to reduce unnecessary costs on losses. The company wants to increase awareness of its products through advertisement and public relations. It started with trade shows in the end of October to the beginning of November 2011. Marketing Strategies and Programmes (4P’s) Marketing mix designs to respond to the cultural diversity and complexity resulting from the marketing environment. Due to the challenges experienced and threats of perception as a less competitive producer, the marketer requires creating a program that registers the maximum possible impact in its target markets (Doole 2008, p.187) Price The company uses variable pricing and promotional pricing. The variable pricing helps the organization to set prices according to the level of d emand and quality of the product. Since the product is for leisure, the prices are slightly higher than prices of other essential products due to the high demand and lower than the price of competitors due to the sensitivity of market. Promotional pricing is a technical pricing reduction process used by the company to give discounts, special offers, vouchers, pay later and interest free credit to their customers. This company is determined to maximize its current profits to grow globally, maintain price leadership to compete effectively with competitors in the market to ensure its survival and penetration into the global market (Made in china, 2011, par.3). Product The product’s quality has attracted the attention of consumers. Due to the increased competition in the market for personal fitness shoes, the company has taken into consideration creating unique and quality products. The company responds to the customer needs and preferences by designing height-increasing shoes to be used for personal fitness training. The customers have responded by increasing their purchase of the products as indicated by the increase in the total annual sales volume (Made in china, 2011, par.3). Place The company exports more than 60% of its products making it an international company. This makes decisions more complex for the company hence demands for more coordination of the flow of goods and raw materials across the target markets to ensure superior customer service in foreign and local markets. The company has reporting offices, foreign branches and retailers to ensure control of its markets (Made in china, 2011, par.3). Promotions The company attends to diverse issues that affect effective communication about its brands in foreign and local markets. The company understands legal and segmentation constraints in its target markets to make promotion decisions. The company uses promotional tools such as giving out toys as gifts and research on the progress of the company . They use techniques such as trade shows, website promotions, email marketing, press releases, and newsletters for example, â€Å"The New York Times† (Marketing Find, 2005, para.1). Conclusion The company has tried to penetrate the market quickly since it has only ten tears since its establishment and has managed to be a global corporation. Its products are essential to the society in helping its consumers keep fit. Health benefits are one of the most important things in consumers hence the company has higher chances of greater market share in the future. The poor economic status of China has encouraged the company to seek international markets in order to improve its profit. The company uses a uniform global focus for all its markets to attain a global market perception and image irrespective of the origin of the product. Recommendations The company should make minor adjustments on the packaging and labeling of its products to cater for the diversity of languages, culture a nd climate. The company should focus on producing and availing its products to the target market to attract and maintain more customers from its competitors. The company should conduct frequent and effective evaluation and analysis of their target market segments in order to make informed decisions on productivity and operations in the markets (Ferrel, 2008, p.311). The company should also understand the right mode of entry to use while venturing into foreign and local market in order to determine the amount of control they have on those markets. This would enable the company to focus on its SWOT analysis to create a superior advantage over its market and competitors (Bennett, 2002, p. 194). The company should approach its target markets in a gradual manner to reduce the risks of losses and increase its knowledge and performance of the target markets. The company should analyze its marketing mix to facilitate effective participation in the target markets to ensure survival and susta inability in the local and foreign market (Hoffman, 2008, p. 3). Marketers should be in a position to face the challenges of ensuring high levels of competitiveness in the foreign markets. This pressure for globalization presents an image of a highly globalized producer. While confronting these challenges, the marketer increases the knowledge and understanding of the target market enabling the firm to create marketing programs and plans of the local cultural conditions that shape the needs and wants of their customers (Haasen, 2003, p. 26). The company should be careful in allocating part of its budgets to ensure all its activities compete effectively to avoid loosing its customers to the competitors. The product marks the starting point of the procedures of the business hence it should reflect the customers’ expectations and be able to attract the attention of customers in the market. The company should use vivid advertisement to create awareness to reach a vast number of pe ople at the same time. This helps to boost customer turnover very fast if communication is good and effective. The employees of the firm should get involved in creation of effective marketing programs to enable them understand their roles within the marketing process (Kotler, 2008, p.29). The marketing programs should include motivation, coordination, education, and communication of the company’s employees. The company should focus on the key elements of the exchange process to create customer satisfaction, the organization and even the society. This helps to bring out the desired objectives and determine the implementation of the trading programs by enhancing the knowledge of the company’s products or services mix, increasing the pride of the company’s products and services, creating awareness of the opportunities for new products and services and business development, and helps improve the company’s marketing skills (Turner, 2003, p.105). It is importan t that the company embrace control and consistency in its markets to ensure successful programs, for example, successful promotional programs achieves because of an integrated marketing programs and definition of marketing and communication objectives (Barker, 2005, p.183). The marketer should understand the cultural expectations of their customers to allow them to adapt quickly to the product characteristics. The company should maintain and improve its technology and innovation to ensure it keeps pace with the changes and demands of its customers. It is important for marketing managers to understand different customer attitudes towards price and perception of quality in determining price levels. This is because consumers rely heavily on price to make judgment on quality of a product or service when they have little or no information about the product (Hoffman. 2007, p. 2). The company should pass promotional messages frequently to inform, educate, and remind customers of their prod ucts and services. The marketers should analyze the information from the market and evaluate each marketing mix element with a view of indicating the relevant areas where adjustments are required. Marketers are keen at this stage to utilize resources to attain the maximum favorable impact within the specified periods (Hoffman, 2008, p. 2). References Barker, R. 2005, Integrated organizational communication, London: Juta and Company Limited, p.183. Bennett, R. 2002, International marketing: strategy planning, market entry implementation, New York: Kogan Page Publishers, p. 194. Dance, 2009, Adult dance fitness and performing arts. Dance 101, Atlanta. Web. Doole, I. 2008, International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementation, Dublin City: Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 187. Ferrel, O. 2008, Marketing strategy, New York: Cengage Learning. p. 311. Haasen, A. 2003, New corporate cultures that motivate, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. Hoffman, S. 2007, How Do Motivation and Leadership Affect the Corporate Culture of Multinational Firms, Black Rock City: GRIN Verlag. p. 2. Hoffman, S. 2008, Are the four p’s of international marketing of equal importance to all firms. What factors might cause some to more or less important than others: a short article, Black Rock City: GRIN Verlag. p. 2, 3. Kotler, P. 2011, Marketing insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know, New York: John Wiley and sons, p. 26, 29. Made in china, 2011, Connecting buyers with china suppliers, Focus Technology Company Limited, Oklahoma City. Web. Marketing Find, 2005, Web marketing promotional tools and techniques. Marketing Find Inc, Oklahoma City. Web. Turner, P. 2003, Organizational communication: the role of the HR professional, Birmingham: CIPD Publishing. p. 105. Venture navigator, 2010, Individual branding, The Business Edge Consortium, Kansas City. Web. This assessment on Marketing Strategy was written and submitted by user Olivia Watkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Marketing Strategy

science rules essays

science rules essays Prepare for Tomorrow Today If everyone had known the importance of their future, they could have comprehended better the value of preparation in early life. A college education may have seemed out of reach for some individuals, who struggled in high school. A factory job or assembly line position was a more realistic goal to achieve. Throughout their childhood there was a dream of having a mansion, or a fancy car. Money was the center of their interests. They learned as they got older that these things were harder to accomplish than they imagined. People had to work long, tedious hours when they were young to get ahead for the future. There was the reality of a price to be paid in early life, but what they benefited later would be more than they could ever fathom. They would have to remember to work hard, and prove to others that they were a worthy people to take note of. This was only the beginning, however. They had to strive to do well in the community and in their place of employment. Even the little things that seemed insignificant made a bigger difference in later life. There were times when that nothing job they had meant something more later on. They could have never known when that past job supervisor could have been a place of reference for a job opportunity or an advancement. There should be a certain part of people that is devoted to their education. This will be something that will be noted later in college, or sometimes in the job that was so important for them to have. The studying may have been a little stressful at times, but if people had not learned to balance their schedule at a young age how would they cope as adults with a family, and occupation? It was a long hard road, however, the fruits of labor would be endless. Their education had much worth, and was the foundation of their future. ...

Analytical reviews Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analytical reviews - Assignment Example Samuel Huntigdon’s article on â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations1 is one of these later studies, and it presents an attempt at a framework for analysis of world history. Instead of focussing on individual nation states, as classical history does, or looking for geographical features and crises as global history does, Huntingdon focuses on human culture. This means that his study fits into the genre of world history. The main point of the article is that historians should trace human history through the civilizations which rise and fall in various regions and over longer periods of time. He identifies a civilization as â€Å"a cultural entity†2 and explains that civilizations may be very large, like contemporary China, or very small, like the Anglophone Caribbean.3 These entities distinguish themselves by their particular mix of dominant religion, ideology and traditions. According to Huntingdon’s analysis, these civilizations are divided from each other by â€Å" fault lines† which in due course are likely to become lines of battle. This is a contentious theory, since it conflicts with other views, such as those based on economics, for example, which predict that advancing globalization will cause resource shortages and that this will be the source of future conflict. Huntingdon cites the conflict between Arab culture and Western culture, which has incidentally been going on for the last 1300 years, as an example of exactly this kind of major fault line.4 Following this line of reasoning, conflicts between countries which are broadly western are likely to be expressed in terms of economic competition, while conflicts between some other civilizations, like the Muslim and Hindu conflicts in Asia, are more likely to result in military action and bouts of ethnic cleansing. These differences can be traced in the prevailing world views of the respective cultures, some being predominantly industrialized and capitalist, while others are predom inantly rural and feudal. He notes rather chillingly that â€Å"Islam has bloody borders,†5 by which he means that this particular civilization resorts to military tactics in order to maintain control over affiliated countries. The examples that Huntingdon cites can all be used to reinforce his idea that civilizations are the largest unit of human grouping, and his description of how countries rally around one another when incidents of violence erupt can be plainly seen in the modern world. He concedes, however, that conflicts also emerge within civilizations, which rather weakens his world based theory, but he shrugs this off saying that these conflicts are â€Å"likely to be less intense and less likely to expand than conflicts between civilizations.†6 The logical conclusion of Huntingdon’s approach is that the next world war will be a war between civilizations, and the most likely candidate will be a war between â€Å"The West and the Rest.†7 Part Two: Nationalism and the Frontier. The reflections of Frederick Jackson Turner on the nature of America in the early twentieth century8 is an important work of history, even though it reflects many attitudes and ideals which would nowadays be regarded as out-dated. The first chapter9, especially, which is entitled â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† presents a logically argued thesis explaining some of the features of modern America which we can still see at work today. Turner sees the ever-receding western frontier of the new continent in the last three hundred years

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy - Essay Example The evolution of criminal profiling can be debated through varying opinions or points of view. The FBI‘s Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) is endorsed with the enhancement of criminal profiling. One should consider that the actual act of accessing a criminal’s mind can be traced back in history. In the past 30 years, it has become increasingly reliable and has gained high opinion from the media, society and professionals alike. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, John E.Douglas was among the most prominent criminal profilers of 20th century, and was among the very first to introduce this science of criminal profiling to the FBI (Turvey, 2011). John Douglas has been recognized with developing the present day art of criminal profiling. This was after his work with major criminals such as Edmund Kemper (Coed Killer), known for the murder of ten people, Richard Speck, who murdered eight nurses, and Charles Manson, a feared mass murderer. His work led to the opening of Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) of the FBI, which was vested with the responsibility of criminal profiling. Now retired, Douglas and his team were the first to introduce criminal profiling to the US justice system. Edgar Allen Poe is another person, who contributed immensely to the development of criminal profiling (Turvey, 2011). Important issues dealing with criminal profiling are seen in his literary works like â€Å"The Telltale Heart.† This is probably one of his most famous works. The Telltale Heart is the story of a murderer who keeps the body of his victim beneath the floorboard of his house, and after searching, the police find nothing. The murderer then slowly loses his sanity, because he kept hearing the heartbeats of his victim. Eventually, he turns himself in. Poe must have analyzed and understood the criminal mind, since the story is told from the murderer’s point of view. The final case study is that of Jack the Ripper, who was among the most infamous serial killers

Financial Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the industry average current ratio or liquidity ratio was observed as 1.19% (assuming that the revenues and expenses have increased proportionately maintaining stability in the industry structure) (The Brandow Company, 2010). The company’s current ratio and the industry average current ratio is represented below graphically, With reference to the obtained data, it can be evidently stated that the company possesses competitive strength in terms of leverage. It is worth mentioning that liquidity ratios depict the relationship of the company’s liquid assets or current assets with its current liabilities that in turn confirms the financial balance within the company (Brigham & Houston, 2009). As apparent from the chart represented above, the liquidity ratio or current ratio of Can Go is quite higher than that of the industry average. Thus, it can be stated that Can Go possesses significant competitive advantage in terms of liquidity in the industry. On the similar context, the debt ratio of the company is calculated to be 1% which is below the average industry debt ratio, i.e. 1.58% (The Brandow Company, 2010). It can be represented through chart as following: It can be apparently witnessed that the company possesses noteworthy risk in terms of debt balances. Notably, debt ratio indicates the flexibility of an organization to repay the debts incurred at a specified time period with ease and efficiency (Brigham & Houston, 2009). Therefore, with a lower debt ratio than that of the industry average depicts that the company shall have to face significant challenges when repaying the debts efficiently to its creditors. With an in-depth point of view, the profitability of the firm can also be identified as poor in comparison to the industry average ratios. For instance, the profit margin (0.11%) and return on total assets (0.02%) of Can Go are observed to be

Contribution Of Population Growth To Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

Contribution Of Population Growth To Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay Population may refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem and live in the same geographical area. Birth, deaths, and migration are the major factors that determine whether and how much the size of a population changes. Organisms join a population through birth or immigration and leave it through death or emigration. A population would remain stable if there are many individuals join and leave. Conversely, population growth occurs when the number of births plus immigrants exceeds the number of deaths plus immigrants. According to U.S. Census Bureau, the total world population, estimated to be 6.87billion as at 22 September 2010. And according to United Nations Population Division, the world population will increase by 2.5 billion over the next 40 years. Today, it is broadly thought a larger population leads to greater emissions. Generally, the scientists believe that as the population has grown, emissions of carbon dioxide have increased in proportion, and it would contribute to the acid rain and global warming. But how is it actually contributed to acid rain and global warming? To answer this question, it would be important to understand the nature of acid rain and global warming. Acid rain is a form of pollution that can cause lots damages to the natural ecosystem, to man-made objects (e.g. buildings), as well as harm human health. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the primary causes of acid rain. When combined with water vapor in the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxides and sulfur dioxide are converted to nitric acid and sulfur dioxide respectively (Audesirk, et al., 2005, p.853-54). Days later, these acids fall with rainwater, eating away at buildings, damaging trees, rendering lakes lifeless. Another serious environmental issue, global warming, which is an increase in the earths temperature. It happens when greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrous oxide) trap heat and light from the sun in Earths atmosphere which increase the temperature. Both acid rain and global warming can cause severe impacts to plant life, aquatic life, man-made object, and human life. To be sure, these growing environmental issues are not natural phenomenon, rather they are man-made. Nowadays, human unethical activities which mainly came from the toxic gases discharged by the factories has polluted global atmosphere that are a direct result of acid rain. Notable, life on Earth is dependent on carbon dioxide to regulate our planets temperature, yet too much of the CO2 can create a heat up over our atmosphere. For this reason, the unsustainable population growth and excessive consumption can rise up levels of carbon dioxide which result in the earths climate been altered in serious ways. How does the population growth contribute to acid rain and global warming? During ancient times, primitive people were sustained by dependent on the energy flowing from the sun. But as the population grew and technology increased, humans began to act more and more independently of these natural processes. For example, the Industrial Revolution began during mid-nineteenth century, resulted in a tremendous increase in our reliance on energy from fossil fuels (i.e. coal, petroleum and natural gas) for heat, light, transportation, and industry as well as agriculture sector. Today, we can see that many multinational corporations spend huge amount of money to make foreign direct investment (set up plant or factory) in emerging countries such as China and India to benefit from the cost advantage. This implies that more factories are set up abroad and the result is that more toxic gases being discharged to the atmosphere. Moreover, as more countries have industrialized, human industrial activities have discharged more nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. For example, United States discharge about 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere annually, two-third of it from power plants burning coal or oil (Audesirk et al., 2005, p.853-54). Consequently, the excess emission of these gases has contributed to acid rain. As mentioned earlier, human population growth is increasing in a rapid way annually. In other words, the demand for houses increases as well. In such circumstance, there are more and more trees being cutting down to supply more land for houses and thus deforestation happen in many places. Besides, the demand on raw materials for building houses would generate more chemicals and gases that pollute the environment. And, during the construction, the transportation such as trucks moving around would generate more carbon dioxide that further destroy the ozone layer and eventually result more acid rain. When we parked our car at the parking lot on a hot day, we can feel the hot when we get in to the car few hours later. A simple reason is that the heat and light from the sun get into the car, but it cant get back out. This is what the greenhouse effect does to our earth, thus result in a gradual increase in the earths temperature. We know that, people like to stay in the house to enjoying cool air-conditioner while watching TV, surfing web via computer, store favorite food in refrigerator and so on. However, they never realized that electricity cause pollution in many ways. When they do these things, they are causing more greenhouse gasses to be sent into the air. For this reason, in most cases, fossil fuels are burned to create electricity. Many pollutants are sent to the air when fossil fuels are burned. Imagine, large amount of households are using electricity every day, and the electric providers would need to burn many tons of fossil fuels to supply electric to the household, and their activities directly contribute to the global warming. A further contribution of population growth is through the vehicular pollution. As the population increases, the demand and usage of automobiles and other machines will increase as well. The activities of burning fossil fuels by a growing number of vehicles have amplified the natural greenhouse effect, producing global warming. According to Nationmaster (2005), countries like United States, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Australia and Malta have a large number on the possession of motor vehicles. Particularly in United States, the statistic shows that there are 765 vehicles per 100 people. Notable, the statistic had not included trucks and buses on the road. Therefore, vehicular pollution are considered largest source of air pollution which also the killer of our earth. So far, we have discussed the human population growth and their activities have contributed to these two environmental problem. What about animals? In fact, animal population growth also a threat to environment. According to a report by United Nation, livestock are one of the most significant contributors to todays most serious environmental problems. With increased population, people are consuming more meat products today. The global livestock sector is growing in a rapid way than other sectors. However, such rapid growth is not a good indication. Based on United Nations report, cattle produce more harmful greenhouse gases to atmosphere. Human activities in livestock sector accounts for 65% of nitrous oxide which can cause global warming; while livestock accounts for 37% of methane contribution and 64% of ammonia which is largely produced by the digest system of ruminants (i.e. cow and sheep) contributes significantly to acid rain. Throughout the above discussion, we can see that how population growth contributes to todays serious environmental problem. In fact, whatever we doing every day, we are actually contributed to these two environmental problems. Imagine, as the population growth, more and more people will contribute more unwanted toxic to the earth and eventually worsen the earths health. Human, as the most intelligent animals on the earth; we should do something to reduce the pollution. In terms of government, rules and regulation are needed to control the emission of toxic gases, and also regulate in birth control. Furthermore, government should also increase the public awareness through different media and campaigns. Individual can also make a difference to prevent these environmental problems to be further worsened. For example, it is encourage driving less to curb the vehicular pollution. Additionally, reducing the usage of electricity, and consuming more organic food because organic soil absorb large amount of carbon dioxide. In a nutshell, it is global responsibility to protect the earth; after all, there are no other planets but earth that could allow human to live. Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B.E. 2005. Biology life on earth. 7th ed. United States.Prentice Hall. Nationmaster. 2005. Transportation statistic, motor vehicles (most recent) by country. [online] Available from: http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehiclesHYPERLINK http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehiclesb_map=1HYPERLINK http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehiclesb_map=1b_map=1 [Accessed 26 September 2010] United Nation. 2006. Rearing cattle produces more greenhouse gases than driving cars, UN report warns. [online] Available from: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772HYPERLINK http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772CR1=warningHYPERLINK http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772CR1=warningCR1=warning [Accessed 26 September 2010] US Census Bureau. 2010. World popclock projection. [online] Available from: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/popclockworld.html [Accessed 22 September 2010] United Nation Population Division. World population will increase by 2.5 billion by 2050; people over 60 to increase by more than 1 billion. [online] Available from: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm [Accessed 22 September 2010] Cheng, M. and Kennedy, K. No date. Population growth and society. [online] Available from: http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/populationgrowth.htm [Accessed 23 September 2010]

My Grandmother Essay

Everybody has one important person in their lives. For me, the most influential person in my life is my grandmother. She is a traditional Chinese woman. When I was a child, my grandmother had been blind since I was not born, but she is nimbler than most people. My grandmother took care of me when I was a baby. Although my grandmother is dead, I still miss her, because she taught more experiences to me and these have changed many things in my mind. When I was a little girl, my parents went to another place for their work. Therefore, my grandmother took care of me at home. However, I thought that my parents did not love me because they were not like other parents who stayed at home. I felt my life was lost color. I always felt so bored and unhappy, because other children did not want to play with me, and I lost my parents’ love. Over some time, my character became lonely and shy. I thought that I would not have anymore changes in my life. However, my grandmother used something to change my thinking. One day, I was very unhappy and worrying about coming back home. When my grandmother knew that I was back, she cooked some dessert for me. But I did not want to eat anything. My grandmother was very worried about me and she asked me what happened. I told her that my teacher needed me to choose one story for speech in the classroom at next week. I was worrying about it because I was a shy girl and I did not believe that I could do it. After my grandmother understood the reasons, she laughed at me. I felt so uncomfortable. Therefore, I made a decision for this speech. But I always felt very angry about my grandmother’s behavior, and I did not want to talk with her. For a while, my grandmother did not laugh again. She said that this was a good chance for me and I must try to do it. I always did not want to talk about anything with her. Nevertheless, my grandmother still told one story to me. When she finished this story, she taught me who had the confidences and bravery to solve this problem. After this day, my grandmother requested me, who told one story to her in every night. Because of my grandmother’s training, I improved my speech and I became brave. So I was successful to tell this story to my classmates in the classroom. In this matter, I know that nothing is impossible. If I want to do anything, then I must be brave to do it. Because of my grandmother is teaching me, I changed shyness in my life and I was very happy for this change. I did not feel lonely again, because many children liked the story I told them, and then they wanted to play with me. My grandmother taught more experiences to me. Furthermore, she was a good grandmother because she knew that how to take care of me. For example, I felt very bad one morning. My grandmother touched my face, and then she said that I was sick and I needed to rest. I heard my grandmother because although my grandmother did not see anything, she knew more things. At the night, I still felt very bad and I was afraid about my disease. However, my grandmother comforted me. She took care of me. The next morning, I felt so good and strong. When I looked at my grandmother’s face, I was crying because I felt she was so tired to take care of me. However, my grandmother was so happy to comfort me and she said that she was fine. At now, I think that my grandmother is a great woman. Because of my grandmother is care. I know that many people need our help when they have trouble. I learned how to help those people from my grandmother. On the cold day, my friend and I came back home from school, we were very happy to talk with each other. Suddenly, my friend fell on the road and got hurt. She was crying. I did not know how to comfort her because her knee was bleeding. I looked for other people, but nobody came. I was very anxious and worried about her. At this time, I wanted to cry, but I knew that I could not cry because if I was crying, then my friend would be worrying about more things. Therefore, I tried to think of some ideas to help my friend. All at once, I remembered that my grandmother taught me how to cure her wound. I went to comfort my friend. At the same time, I immediately looked for one of medicinal herbs to cure her wound. In the end, I found the medicinal herbs to cure her wound, and then she did not cry. I was took my friend to go back her home. My friend and her mother said thanks for my help. When I came back home, I told to my grandmother about this. She was so happy to praise me. At this moment, although I felt very tired, I was glad to hear about it. After this time, I understood why my grandmother taught me to help other people. Therefore, I had been deciding to help much more people. My grandmother has many roles in my life. Sometimes my grandmother is like a best friend, she would share most interesting stories to me. Sometimes my grandmother is like a rigorous teacher. She passed much knowledge from her experiences to me, and she would request me who must change bad behavior. Sometimes my grandmother is like a chef. She could cook the most delicious food for me. According to my grandmother, I realize that my parents work in another place for our lives, and they love me very much. Therefore, I think that my grandmother is very important in my life. Furthermore, I believe that I do not forget her teaching forever, and I feel very happy to live with my grandmother

4 Reasons Chinese Companies Ipo in America Essay

Reasons Chinese Companies IPO in America Why do so many good Chinese companies go public in foreign markets rather than let domestic investors share in the profits of growth? Chinese investors often complain about why would â€Å"good companies†, like Tencent (0700. HK), Baidu (NASDAQ: BIDU) and Sina (NASDAQ: SINA), choose to list in the US and Hong Kong instead of on the Chinese A-shares market. There are four main reasons: 1. If a ‘Chinese’ company takes foreign investment using a VIE structure, it can only list abroad 2. Many companies don’t meet the strict financial standards for a Chinese listing 3. China’s listing process takes a long period of time and not very transparent, a torturous examination compared with America’s speedy registration 4. China’s regulatory agencies perpetually overregulate, rather than letting the market decide 1) If a ‘Chinese’ company takes foreign investment using a VIE structure, it can only list abroad The core reason is simple. These companies aren’t at all eligible to listed on the Chinese A-Shares Market, which restrict the overseas-funded enterprises severely. To receive foreign investment, a great number of Chinese companies set up a corporate structure called the  VIE or Sina structure, because some industries such as internet info & services and financial services are restricted or even prohibited in foreign-funded investment. This structure is especially common for technology companies that raise financing early and often, frequently from foreign investors. State-owned enterprises aside, most ‘Chinese’ companies in the US are not legally Chinese at all. They’re Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, etc. ompanies that control Chinese entities. Chinese regulators have raised the idea of allowing foreign companies to list on the A-Shares Market, but at present that’s still speculative. A worry for foreign investors is that the entire VIE structure, which largely serves to circumvent Chinese laws barring foreign ownership, has been  called into question  by Chinese regulators  in recent months. 2) M any companies don’t meet the strict financial standards for a Chinese listing In August 2005, when Baidu (NASDAQ: BIDU) listed in US, Chinese asked this very question. Let us review. Baidu didn’t reach profitability until 2003. When it went public, it had been profitable for just 2 years. The company’s profit was only $300,000 (2. 4 million RMB) in the quarter prior to its IPO. This is far from the minimum IPO criteria for the Chinese Small and Medium Cap A-Shares Market, where â€Å"net profit in the recent 3 fiscal years must be positive and the sum exceeds 30 million RMB; aggregate cash flow from operational activities in the recent 3 fiscal years exceeds 50 million RMB, or aggregate operating revenue in the recent 3 fiscal years exceeds 300 million RMB. Baidu didn’t even live up to the standards for listing on the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market: â€Å"Profitable for the previous 2 years, with aggregate net profits of not less than 10 million RMB and consistent growth† or â€Å"profitable in the previous year, with net profits of no less than 5 million RMB, revenues of no less than 50 million RMB, and a growth rate of revenues n o less than 30% over the last two years. † Nor may capital be less than 20 million in the year prior to the IPO. )  China’s listing process takes a long period of time and not very transparent, a  torturous  examination compared with America’s speedy registration Going public is like going through a round of torture. In the prolonged process of waiting for review, they have not only to be upset by countless uncertainties, but also incur high costs off the balance sheet. 4)  China’s regulatory agencies perpetually overregulate, rather than letting the market decide Chinese regulatory agencies are actually most concerned about investors. They fear that investors will buy low-quality stocks and they therefore spare no efforts to set up strict review processes for IPOs. They are also concerned about investors losing money in the secondary market and therefore set up â€Å"protection measures† like downward limits and upward limits and make adjustments to the â€Å"IPO rhythm† to stabilize the secondary market. But these ‘good intentions’ only end up leading everybody astray from the original  market intention. The quality of companies listed on the A-Shares Market is far from satisfactory, while most of the companies with the best growth potential and highest returns to investors list abroad. Moreover, the A-Shares Market remains one of the capital markets with the largest fluctuations in the world! The conclusion should be fairly simple: regulatory agencies should not and cannot be held responsible for a company’s quality through an IPO review. The operational risk of a company does not move in lock step with static indicators like financial data. Regulatory agencies should not and cannot be responsible for the luctuations in the secondary market. Fluctuations of the market can never be contained by up or downward limits, nor can the regulator effectively set the â€Å"IPO rhythm. † Chinese companies will continue to list abroad, despite sky-high A-Share Market valuations To be fair, under the elaborate care of regulatory agencies, A-Shares do have their own magic, that is, a super financing power. Especially in the fiery Growth Enterprise Market over the last year, PE ratios frequently shoot up to 100x. Every single listed company has been overjoyed to get more funds than planned. With such â€Å"stupid wealthy people† circumstances, will companies still want to list in foreign markets? I believe so. Again, there are many companies that will never meet the standards of the A-Shares Market. For growth companies that really desperately need funds, even the listing threshold of the Growth Companies that list abroad don’t have to worry that investors will criticize them for a broad definition of â€Å"misappropriation. † For them, going public is not just a one-time IPO sale, but also a sustainable financing platform. In Conclusion To sum up, the pre-IPO review and post-IPO trading have made A-Shares Market a different ecosystem from foreign markets. It is hard to say which is better. But companies themselves have preferences. Therefore, I don’t think fewer companies will list in foreign markets despite the high valuations of A-Shares. It’s hard to tell if â€Å"quality Chinese companies† will give A-Share investors a chance to invest. Article by Simon  Fong ( ),  Founder & President of Snowball Finance, iChinaStock’s parent company. The original Chinese article was published in the October edition of The Founder.

Free Essays on Savage Inequalities

In our society, one’s social class, race, ethnicity, gender and age all play a vital role in determining their health status. Social class is directly related to one’s health. The lower classes tend to have higher rates of mortality and disability. The low-income families, suffer from crowded living conditions, poor diet and stress, which all contribute to many illnesses. The middle-to-upper class families face fewer health issues, because they’re better able to afford proper health care. Race and ethnicity are another reason why minorities face many health related problems. African-Americans have higher death rates due to cancer, pneumonia, and diabetes. Racial tensions also contribute to medical problems of blacks. As in stress, it sometimes a result of racial prejudice, which causes hypertension and results in a high mortality rate (Schaefer, p.398). Gender is another critical factor in determining one’s health status. According to studies, women have a greater risk of illnesses, but yet live longer then men. Women turn to medicine for things like beauty treatment, birth, and such medicalization may contribute to a high morbidity rate(Schaefer P.398). With age come many illnesses. The elderly are troubled by arthritis , and many face visual and hearing impairments. They’re also more vulnerable to severe mental problems. Social class, gender, age, race and ethnicity all are important determinants of a individual’s or a social classes health status.... Free Essays on Savage Inequalities Free Essays on Savage Inequalities In our society, one’s social class, race, ethnicity, gender and age all play a vital role in determining their health status. Social class is directly related to one’s health. The lower classes tend to have higher rates of mortality and disability. The low-income families, suffer from crowded living conditions, poor diet and stress, which all contribute to many illnesses. The middle-to-upper class families face fewer health issues, because they’re better able to afford proper health care. Race and ethnicity are another reason why minorities face many health related problems. African-Americans have higher death rates due to cancer, pneumonia, and diabetes. Racial tensions also contribute to medical problems of blacks. As in stress, it sometimes a result of racial prejudice, which causes hypertension and results in a high mortality rate (Schaefer, p.398). Gender is another critical factor in determining one’s health status. According to studies, women have a greater risk of illnesses, but yet live longer then men. Women turn to medicine for things like beauty treatment, birth, and such medicalization may contribute to a high morbidity rate(Schaefer P.398). With age come many illnesses. The elderly are troubled by arthritis , and many face visual and hearing impairments. They’re also more vulnerable to severe mental problems. Social class, gender, age, race and ethnicity all are important determinants of a individual’s or a social classes health status....