Biology Research for Photosynthesis Essay Sample free essay sample

Shape of Leaf Disks and Photosynthesis Research Question: Does the form of the leaf discs affect the rate of photosynthesis if the surface country of the foliages are kept the same? Purpose: Through this experiment. I seek to reply whether the form of leaf disc affects the rate of photosynthesis to happen out which leaves are more efficient at using free energy from the environment. Specifically. if there is a important difference in the rise clip ( p gt ; . 05 ) of round foliage discs and rectangular foliage discs. Hypothesis: Knowing that the rate of photosynthesis is governed straight by the restricting factor of free energy ( sunlight. H2O. C dioxide ) and cognizing that differences in leaf discs shape doesn’t needfully impact these factors. I predict that the form of the foliage discs doesn’t do a difference if the surface country is kept changeless and equal. Independent Variable: In this experiment. I’m traveling to utilize the form of the leaf disc as th e independent variable. I’m traveling to use square shaped leaf discs in order to look into if there is a difference in the rate of photosynthesis from the control. Dependent Variable: In this experiment. my dependent variable is traveling to be the clip it takes for the foliage discs to lift up to the top. which is traveling to be tested by different shaped foliage discs. Controlled Variable: The handbill shaped leaf discs are traveling to be my control for this experiment. We besides command how much Na hydrogen carbonate is added. the sum of H2O that is present. and the sum of sunshine that each disc receives. Possible Confusing Variable: Because the foliage discs are little and travel often in the beaker while under the lamp. we can’t perchance regulate the consequence of photosynthesis of one foliage disc to another. Besides. different arrangement of the foliage discs could give different clip of rise. Background Research: Many surveies claim that the form and size of a foliage affects the rate of photosynthesis. The size and form of foliages is an illustration of a via media between leaf energy exchange. leaf temperature. and photosynthesis. â€Å"Leaves turning in cheery environments are smaller and more profoundly lobed than foliages turning in shaded environments. Leafy workss turning in the hot. waterless environment of comeuppances or cold north-polar and alpine environments have little foliages. In portion. this is related to the influence of foliage dimension on leaf boundary bed opposition and the efficiency with which heat and wet are transported off from a leaf† . ( Parkhurst and Loucks 1972 ; Givnish and Vermeij 1976 ; Woodward 1993a ) . Even though these findings are really thorough. they merely are valid largely when there is besides a surface country or size alteration. Photosynthesis: Fuels ecosystems and replenishes the Earth’s ambiance with O. Like all enzyme-driven reactions. the rate of photosynthesis can be measured by either the disappearing of substrate or the accretion of merchandise ( or byproducts ) . 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun – gt ; C6H12O6 + 6O2 The output of the 6 O gas molecules is the factor that will increase the rise of the foliage discs to the top so hence. find the rate of photosynthesis. Material:* Baking sodium carbonate ( sodium hydrogen carbonate )* Liquid soap ( about 5 milliliters of* dishwashing soap in 250 milliliter of H2O )* 2 fictile panpipes without needle ( 10 milliliter or larger )* Populating foliages* Hole clout and scissors* 2 clear beakers* Phone timer* Light beginningSafety: There are many safety jeopardies to be cautious about during the class of this experiment. We are utilizing old bulbs and they can be overheated and fuse out so we have to stand off from the light beginning. We are besides covering with glass ware so cautiousness and careful dealing is required at that place. But the major concern arises from people walking around aisles so bags have to be tucked in the desks and we have to be aware of the chairs and pace lightly. Another ground to worry is that Procedure: 1. Make a. 2 % solution of Na hydrogen carbonate and H2O. ( Make 200 milliliter solution so plenty for both groups )2. Add a bead of soap into the solution.3. Divide the solution into two groups.4. Ready the visible radiations on a steady tallness but don’t turn the visible radiations on.5. Cut 15 round foliage discs and step the country and so cut out 15 square form foliage discs with the same country. 6. Cut 15 round foliage discs and step the country and so cut out 15 square form foliage discs with the same country. 7. Pull the gases out of the squashy mesophyll tissue and infiltrate the round foliages with the Na hydrogen carbonate solution. which acts as a wetting agent between the mesophyll. 8. Put the solution under the lamp and turn the lamp and timer on and enter the clip when each foliage disks rises to the surface. 9. After each round foliage disc has risen to the surface and been timed. add the square foliage disc assorted solution under the lamp and enter the clip when each disc rises to the top. 10. Then we add the discs in a rectangular discs and do the same procedure as above. Datas: Data Table 1: Time of Rise in CircularLeaf DisksTrial| Time for Circular Leaf Disk to Rise ( seconds ) |1| 331|2| 332|3| 341|4| 342|5| 356|6| 357|7| 360|8| 385|9| 420|10| 452|Mean| 367. 6|Median| 356. 5|Standard Deviation| 40. 06| Data Table 2: Time of Risein Rectangular Shaped DisksTrial| Time for Rectangular Leaf Disk to Rise ( seconds ) |1| 380|2| 438|3| 462|4| 466|5| 478|6| 484|7| 494|8| 498|9| 445|10| 423|Mean| 456. 8|Median| 481|Standard Deviation| 36. 48| Graph: Observational Comparison between Data 1 and Data 2: There is an obvious difference between the clip it takes for the round foliage discs to lift and the rectangular foliage disc to lift. We can see that the mean and median for Data 2 ( rectangular ) is much higher than Datas 1 ( handbill ) . Since right now I am merely doing an observation. it is safer to follow the median because the mean is easy fishy to bias and outliers. My hypothesis seems to be invalid because there is much higher average clip of rise for rectangular foliage discs than round foliage discs. This decision is non proven yet and a 2-sample T trial would hold to be conducted to see if there is important difference in the rates of photosynthesis between round foliage discs and rectangular. Calculations:2-sample T trial µ1: The average rise clip of round foliage discs.  µ2: The average rise clip of rectangular foliage discs.H0:  µ1 =  µ2Hour angle:  µ1 ?  µ2Conditionss:* Random sample of round foliage disc and rectangular foliage discs non give. Our consequences may be fishy to bias. * Independence is sensible because the rise clip of one foliage disc shouldn’t impact other leaf discs. * Box secret plan is symmetric plenty to go on. t= ( Differences of agencies –Parameter ) / Standard Deviation of Statistic Differences of means= (  µ1- µ2 ) = 367. 6-456. 8 = -89. 2Parameter=0Standard Error of difference = sqroot [ ( 40. 06/10 ) ( 36. 48/10 ) ] = 17. 652 Intermediate values used in computations:T = 5. 2659. 000182df = 17standard mistake of difference = 17. 652P value and statistical significance:-The two-tailed P value is less than 0. 0001-By conventional standards. this difference is considered to be highly important Test findings: We have to reject the void hypothesis (  µ1 =  µ2 ) because our P-Value ( . 000182 ) is significantly lower than the alpha ( . 05 ) . This trial indicates that rectangular shaped leaf discs require a higher clip to lift than the round foliage discs. demoing that there is a slower rate of photosynthesis in rectangular discs. Decision: My hypothesis was that differences in leaf discs shape doesn’t needfully impact the rate of photosynthesis. This hypothesis is rejected by or informations and 2-sample T trial. The mean and average severally for Data 1 ( round foliage discs ) were 367. 6. and 356. 5. The mean and average severally. for Data 2 ( rectangular foliage discs ) were. 456. 8 and 481. The cardinal clip it takes for a rectangular foliage discs is much higher than the cardinal clip it takes for a round foliage discs to lift. I besides ran a 2 –sample T trial which concluded with a surprising p-value of. 00083. These statistics show that the rate of photosynthesis is higher in round foliage discs than rectangular foliage discs. But there are many mistakes and restrictions to our experiments that can be improved and fixed. Errors/Limitation: Our trial indicated that there is a much faster rate of photosynthesis is round foliage discs compared to rectangular foliage discs with a 2-sample T trial. But our conditions for the 2-sample t trial weren’t to the full satisfied because there was no random sample given to guarantee no prejudice and independency could be flawed since all leaf disc tests were run in the same beaker at the same clip. Another possible mistake that could be the ground to our consequences is that round foliage discs have more unstable perkiness and rise easier than rectangular shaped leaf discs. Besides. we didn’t test multiple forms due to a deficiency of clip so we don’t cognize about the rate of photosynthesis of other molded foliage discs. Improvemen ts: We can better our trial if we ran a batch more samples ( about 50 ) to fulfill the status for big samples. so we could randomly choice utilizing a figure generator leaf discs to utilize in the experiment to fulfill the first status. We should besides prove multiple different forms of foliage discs and compare them to circular foliage discs to prove their rate of photosynthesis.

IKEA Strategic Analysis Free Sample Assignment

Question: Discuss about the Report for IKEA of Strategic Analysis. Answer: Overview IKEA is a MNC, founded in 1943 in Sweden, which primarily designs and sells furniture, home appliances and accessories. According to a survey conducted in the year 2008, it was the worlds largest furniture retailer. The modern architectural designs that the firm adopts is the major competitive advantage for it over the other companies of the same genre in the domestic and local markets. The company also primarily focuses on its interior design works and has always tried to keep it eco-friendly. The company functions at low prices so that majority of the people can afford it. Strategic Purpose Mission, Vision and Values Vision in a business is an element which states that what a business wants to achieve and on the other hand the mission statement states what a business does, how and why. Providing quality home furnishing products at a price that could be easily afforded by all is the basis of IKEA vision, business idea and concept. After having a clear vision, it becomes quite essential for a firm to translate the business ideas into a mission. IKEAs mission is to develop the skills of all the participating members of the firm, so that they become the most reliable asset for the company and collaborate to provide a wide range of home decorating products to the customers at a low price (IKEA Staff, 2012). A set of values is also needed along with a precise mission and vision for a company. The values for the company are based on a belief that there is some or the other kind of value associated with everyone which can be used for the development of the society. Togetherness and enthusiasm are the two integral elements of the values of the company. IKEA believes that by working together the employees of the firm gets the power to solve seemingly unsolvable problems. The leaders also work according to the values and create an atmosphere of well-being (Business Case Studies LLP, 2016). Relationship between Strategic Statement and functional objectives The functional objectives of the company include the following: To produce cheap and affordable products for all types of the consumers in the target markets. To ensure a better life and living conditions for those who cannot afford expensive products. Ensure full satisfaction of the customers by delivering goods and services in compliance to their changing needs and perceptions. Set low prices for their products as compared to its competitors (Ukessays Team, 2015). As the mission and vision of the firm also aims to provide the best quality of products to its customers and even ensure a better ambience at the workplace employees, so the functional objectives are also framed by the executives keeping in mind the importance of these strategic statements and highly adhering to them for better revenues and profit generation. The vision of the firm simply aims to form a better quality of life for most of the people around the globe and hence the objectives are highly customer-oriented that involves a thorough analysis of their needs and wants from the furniture retail sector. External Analysis Analyzing the external factors for a firm involves breaking a complex, interrelated reality into a set of issues that could be dealt in an easier way to make the analysis manageable. The two tools for the external environment analysis of IKEA are given below: Macro environment Analysis (PESTEL Analysis) The macro-environment of the company is influenced by a number of factors and the analysis of such forces is called PESTEL Analysis. The assessment of the factors in which a company operates gives a number of possible growth areas of the firm and also helps to evaluate the possible obstacles while introducing its products to new markets. PESTEL Analysis Political The rate of corporate tax impacts profits, hence lowering the after-tax income. Tariff and Trade barriers imposed by a countrys government increases the prices of a number of goods being brought from other countries through a process of import. Economic Economic growth has a direct impact on the business. In the UK, the rapidly growing economy is providing higher standards of living and higher employment rate. The cost of labor is yet another factor. A number of skilled labors are available in countries like China and India. This provides IKEA with a wider profit margin (Mamady, 2014). Inflation rates in UK deformed the consumer behavior, destabilized markets and generated avoidable shortage of resources. Social Demographic variables of a country are likely to influence strategic decisions of a firm. Ageing population is less likely to buy furniture. The reduced income levels of people often force people to place furniture on a low rank in their priority list. Technological Retailers online stores provide enormous selling operations for the seller. The use of social media as an unconventional marketing channel has helped the firm to reach the customers situated in the remote areas (Takreem, 2015). Environmental IKEA has always been targeted for not following the environmental laws and has been scrutinized for its contribution towards the carbon emission, disposal of hazardous manufacturing waste, etc. Legal Laws framed for consumer protection restrict the functional operations of the business in many ways. Legislative requirements demand the business objectives to be in higher compliance with the local legal obligations prevailing in the explored markets. Porters Five Forces Analysis This is an analytical tool that is frequently used to analyze the impact of a number of stakeholders on the activities of the firm. For such a purpose, it analyzes the industrial structure in accordance with the 5 competitive industrial forces. Below is the depiction of these five forces along with their intensities (Jafry, 2009). (Chen, 2016) Internal Analysis Strategic Capabilities of the firm IKEA has adopted a number of unique designs that have provided it a great competitive advantage over the other rivals in the market. There are a number of IKEAs resources and capabilities that add value to the firm. This includes: Style at affordable price allows the consumers to buy their desired products at a very simple rate. The firm also promises to give an enjoyable shopping experience to its current as well as to its potential consumer. The firm has a strong Inventory system which helps the consumers to take home furniture immediately. The experts and the other officials in the firm have made the employees to experience a great global expansion. This will help the leaders gain knowledge for further successful launches of the firm in the newly explored markets. The unique resources of this firm has succeeded in rendering a number of capabilities to the firm. This element revolves around a successful retail strategy which works in the direction to make the company, worlds largest retailer (Basket, 2015). The company, unlike the other leading giants which focuses on adding more and more product lines to their businesses, highly sticks to its core concept of affordable and varied home furnishing. Business functions of the company To be in compliance with the vision of the company that is to provide better quality of affordable life to everyone across the globe, the firm works quite hard to achieve quality at an affordable price for its customers. This is done by following a number of business functions in an orderly manner. These functions are: Optimization of the entire value chain of the company (Inter IKEA Systems, 2014). Establishing and retaining a long-term supplier relationship. Investing a good amount in the highly automated production. The company also re-invests a majority of its profits in the existing and new IKEA stores as well as in the product development (Group, 2016). Critical Analysis of the Generic Strategies The Bowmans Strategic clock is an elaboration of Porters generic strategies and was developed to consider the competitive advantage of the firm in relation to cost advantage or differentiation advantage. From the above figure it is quite clear that the strategy IKEA is pursuing is the hybrid strategy which is based on a fact that the goods and services are to be delivered at a low cost but simultaneously in a higher perceived value than the cost competitors. This is basically done to increase the reputation among the consumers and hence increase the market share by expanding its customer base. The evidences to the fact are: Firstly, IKEA has always followed a strategy to design its products in the simplest and innovative way by using the unwanted or the discarded materials. This has helped the firm to cut the costs to the lowest value and also find the cheapest suppliers of their products (Baroto, et al., 2012). Secondly, the firm has succeeded in amalgamating its strategy of cost reduction with the elements of design culture and hence has successfully delivered beautifully designed products that are inexpensive. To sustain their competitive advantage and meet the consumer needs, the firm has adopted the following practices: The company has designers who work in a collaborative and team spirit environment in order to design the best possible and affordable products for its customers. The company is quite old and this has helped it to build a strong relationship with myriads of suppliers across the globe. The firm has a choice to choose the best manufacturer compatible with their products and services. The firm is equipped with a number of innovative designers that have the capability to utilize the discarded materials in an effective manner. The Swedish culture has always believed in simplicity and hence its tenet has always helped in keeping the cost down. Strategic Choices (Ansoffs Matrix) Slowly, surely, sustainably, but also with ambition is the IKEAs thought. The future of IKEA in this competitive world is quite bright. It needs to include a number of strategic operations in the current and potential markets because the competition is increasing and the business trends are in a dynamic state. The company has a potential to defeat its rivals in a number of ways. The company has a business plan that could not match any other retailer around the globe and the firm has to work in certain areas of technology and marketing strategies to retain its position in the global markets. Ansoffs matrix is a strategic planning tool that provides a framework to help the firms executives to devise future strategies for the firm. The IKEA uses this tool to determine its products and market growth strategy. Below image reveals the important aspects of the companys growth strategies: Examination of the following options: Market Penetration When a firm decides to continue selling its existing products in the existing markets, then it deliberately follows a strategy of market penetration. The firm has followed a strategy of selling more to existing store visitors. Perhaps, the current strategy of the firm focuses on introducing a number of promotional and innovative activities in the existing stores to focus mo New Product Development The company has always performed well when it comes to the introduction of new products in the existing markets. The newest furniture and dcor offerings has always played a lead role in attracting customers in the existing markets and also has created numerous possibilities for the company to attract new markets. New Market Development IKEA has believed to take its existing format to other global markets and hence this forms the strategy for its market development. The firm has also explored the Turkish markets for better profits. Although the firm wants to stick to its own strategies and format but in dynamic markets like China, the company has agreed to tailor its marketing mix strategies according to the needs of the buyers (Fangfang, 2013). Diversification Innovation has always been a crucial element for the people working at the IKEA. The same is seen when the firm has tried to introduce a concept of selling food and opening restaurants in the firms stores. This diversification strategy has allowed the consumers to eat and try myriads of new delicacies while they shop furniture for their home. Strategy evaluation From the above four suggested strategies, the most widely accepted one could be diversification. This strategy promises to run for a long-term because the products being introduced as well the markets being explores, both are new (Chew, 2011). Given below are the three criteria which could be used to assess the success rates of this future strategy plan: Suitability The Diversification strategy is suitable as it fits quite easily with the mission of the firm that is to provide a better quality of life to all the people around the globe. As the statement itself says that the firm wants to reach every possible market across the globe, hence this could only be done if it includes a wide variety of new product lines in its operations. The idea of opening a restaurant inside the store will give another source of income to the firm (Cantt, 2014). Acceptability As the company is quite new, hence people have a number of expectations associated with the firm. Introduction of a new product-line will make portray the firm to be an efficient risk-taker that can work in all possible directions to cater the needs of its customers in a number of innovative manners. Feasibility As it is already known that the company has a number of basic as well as unique resources which it can employ in a number of innovative ways to establish and run new product-lines, hence the diversification strategy could create a strong competitive advantage for the firm against the similar kind of furniture retailers in the new markets it is going to explore in the coming decades. Conclusion and Recommendations The recent years have shown a reduction in growth of sales. The major reason behind this deceleration was the downturn in the European economy. Another notable reason and the major weakness of the firm is that the functional operations of the firm are quite similar in all the continents with only slight differences. The marketing strategies are framed and controlled by the executives of IKEA, Sweden. Hence, there are a number of instances where the firm has failed to understand the changing perceptions of the consumer behavior and hence observed a substantial reduction in its revenues and profit rates. However, IKEA has a strong intention of developing and expanding its business in China, Japan and Russia. This fact could be used wisely by the advisors to accelerate the companys performance. Another notable issue related to the firm is to keep up the standard and quality of the goods and services which was brought about so far. The organization has a tendency to go out of the track if the links with the founder is lost. Hence, in such a case the firm can approach a good consultancy firm which can keep a balance in the operation of the firm at different global markets. The company has strength of its hybrid strategy which is both successful as well as quite difficult for the competitors to imitate. The company has been able to stand ahead of the competitors because they target the middle class people and provide them differentiated products at an affordable price. With globalization there is a notable change in the culture within the countries. As the company sticks quite close to its functional operations and do not easily adopt changes in its designs, hence there is a risk in the existence in the new markets for the firm if they do not understand the preferences of diverse customers and introduce products and services according to their needs. References: Baroto, B., Abdullah, M. Wan, H. L., 2012. Hybrid Strategy: A New Strategy for Competitive Advantage. International Journal of Business and Management, 16 October, 7(20), pp. 1-14. Basket, C., 2015. Compare and contrast IKEA's operations performance objectives with those of 'traditional' competitors. How is this influenced by the company's overall competitive strategy?. Compare and contrast IKEA's operations performance objectives with those of 'traditional' competitors. How is this influenced by the company's overall competitive strategy?. Business Case Studies LLP, 2016. Vision, Values and Mission in Driving Strategy. Vision, Values and Mission in Driving Strategy. Cantt, W., 2014. Critical Evaluation of the International Strategy of IKEA and its Re-Entry Into the Japanese Market: Marked by Teachers. Chen, J., 2016. Ikea Pestel Porter's 5 Forces: Academia, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/10538798/Ikea_Pestel_and_Porters_5_Forces Chew, P., 2011. Transcript of IKEA. Transcript of IKEA, 30 November, Available at: https://prezi.com/kgk3fx9hlzhg/ikea/ Fangfang, L., 2013. Assembling a strategy for the future. Assembling a strategy for the future, 15 November, Available at: https://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/weekly/2013-11/15/content_17108320.htm Group, I., 2016. IKEA: Our Business in brief. IKEA: Our Business in brief. IKEA Staff, 2012. International suply chain management, Available at: https://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/business/resits/postgrad/InternationalSupplyChainMgmtIKEACaseStudy.pdf Inter IKEA Systems, 2014. Company Information: IKEA. [Online] Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_JP/about-the-ikea-group/company-information/ Jafry, A., 2009. SWOR, PESTEL, Porter's 5 forces and value chain analysis of IKEA: IKEA, Available at: https://www.afsheenjafry.com/IKEA.pdf Mamady, 2014. PEST analysis of IKEA. PEST analysis of IKEA, Available at: https://businessenvironment2.blogspot.in/2014/11/pest-analysis-of-coca-cola.html Takreem, 2015. PESTEL Analysis of IKEA. PESTEL Analysis of IKEA, 13 May, Available at: https://ineverknewit.com/2015/05/13/pestal-analysis-of-ikea/ Ukessays Team, 2015. The External And Internal Analysis Of The Organization Marketing. The External And Internal Analysis Of The Organization Marketing , 23 March.

Urban Pollution

Using Friends Essay Samples

Using Friends Essay SamplesWriting a friend's essay sample is a big responsibility for high school students who are writing a grade level essay or even a high school thesis. In fact, many teenagers are giving up on writing essays in general due to the amount of homework and the rigorous schedule that they have to endure. Luckily, there are several ways to help students develop their essay skills, but only one way that can help them improve the grades in school.The first thing that you should do is to consider what kind of friend you want to be. Write down what you think a good friend should be like and how you would like to be treated by a good friend. This will let you define who you want to be when you sit down to write an essay.Now, you should also think about the parents of your friends. Your friends should feel that they need to treat you as one of their own. The most important aspect of this part of the process is to be honest with the parents. Make it very clear that you will not forget any one of them and that you will not sell them short.Another good way to use friends essay samples is to try and use the advice of your peers to help you write your essay. Look at your friends writing samples to make sure that they are writing well and that they have a logical flow. Another way to check is to look at what some of your friends are saying about each topic in their essay. This will give you insight as to how they approach the subject matter.When you write your essay, make sure that you ask yourself if you want to be a high school student or a college student. If you do not know which you want to be, you should do some research. Go to college fairs and student centers. You may find yourself in a unique situation where you are asked to write a college essay.Some high school students are making it through in their junior and senior years of high school. Some are struggling, but they are making it through. Others are not so lucky and they fall behind and fail. Therefore, when you are trying to get into a good college, it is worth giving your essay a little bit of a boost just to see if you will be able to get into that college.You should always use your friends essay samples when you are writing your high school essay. Use your ideas and take them one step further. Write about the changes that you have noticed and see if they apply to you too.

The Novel Writer’s Secret Short Stories - Freewrite Store

The Novel Writer’s Secret Short Stories - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by author Jeff Somers.  He has published nine novels, including the  Avery Cates Series  of noir-science fiction novels from Orbit Books, the darkly hilarious crime novel  Chum  from Tyrus Books, and most recently tales of blood magic and short cons in the  Ustari Cycle. Go Short to Go Long: Going from Short Stories to Novels The Short Story is having a bit of a Moment these days. After a lengthy period of being overshadowed by longer-form fiction, readers, critics, and (most importantly) film and television producers seem to be waking up to the unique old-school pleasures of a short piece of fiction. Writers like George Saunders, who largely specialize in short stories (Lincoln in the Bardo was his first published novel), have bubbled into the mainstream- Jennifer Egan’s A Visit from the Goon Squad is composed of interlocked short stories, and it won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize. Some of the biggest movies of the past few years- like Arrival or The Curious Case of Benjamin Button- have been based on short stories. And Amazon just picked up Philip K. Dick’s Electric Dreams,an anthology series based on the short works of the famous sci-fi author. A lot of writers shy away from short stories. Stories don’t earn a whole lot of money, as a rule, and so can be seen as a poor use of a writer’s time. Plus, they’re tough to write; unlike a novel, where you can spin words upon words as you write through problems, the format is tight and constricted, requiring ruthless cutting and efficient plotting. This is also whyevery writer who aspires to write and sell a novel should be writing short stories- and a lot of them. Challenge: Accepted George R.R. Martin, a man who has managed to make writing huge, wordy novels look easy, once offered this piece of writing advice: â€Å"I would also suggest that any aspiring writer begin with short stories. These days, I meet far too many young writers who try to start off with a novel right off, or a trilogy, or even a nine-book series. That’s like starting in at rock climbing by tackling Mt. Everest. Short stories help you learn your craft.† The fact that writing a coherent short story that’s an affecting, complete piece of work is difficult is your first clue that you should be doing it. In fact, writing a short story exercises several writing muscles that will benefit your novel writing: Finishing. Probably the hardest part of writing any piece of fiction is getting to The End. Books often begin with a blaze of inspiration and excitement, then get bogged down in characters that don’t seem interesting, plots that go nowhere, and the slow creeping sense that you are a fraud and an impostor. Short stories train you to get from the beginning to the end without investing months or years of your time- and like any muscle memory, physical or mental, the more you get to The End the easier it becomes in the future. Efficiency. The open-ended expanse of novels (first drafts can be as flabby and overwritten as we like, after all) encourages experimentation and, to use a scientific term, noodling. All that noodling can bulk up your word count without actually moving the story forward or clarifying your characters’ motivations. Word count is a satisfying metric, making you feel like you’ve achieved something regardless of the quality of those words. But in a short story, there’s no room for noodling. Writing the short form forces you to cut your plot, your characterizations, and your world-building down to the essentials, making your game that much tighter. Creativity. Short stories also offer a way of capturing ideas when you don’t have time to work on a longer version of an idea. Haruki Murakami, the author of Kafka on the Shore and 1Q84 among many other amazing novels, once said â€Å"A short story I have written long ago would barge into my house in the middle of the night, shake me awake and shout, 'Hey, this is no time for sleeping! You can't forget me, there's still more to write!' Impelled by that voice, I would find myself writing a novel. In this sense, too, my short stories and novels connect inside me in a very natural, organic way.† In other words, sometimes a short story is just a short story, and sometimes it’s the tip of a novel-length iceberg. Short Stories Every Day When discussing the craft and process of writing, you’ll eventually hear that if you want to improve you need to write every day or as near to it as possible. The more you write (and the more you read), the better your writing will become because practice is an essential part of any skill or craft. Most of us have to work pretty hard to find the time to write every day, making that time precious. Your choice of what to work on during those precious hours (or minutes) is one of the most important decisions you’ll make as a writer. I strongly suggest you use that time to work on short stories unless you have a very clear concept and way forward for a novel. I’ve completed 35 novels. Many of those are awful, some are mediocre, and nine have been published (so far). One reason I’ve been able to plan, compose, and sell so many novels is that I write at least one short story every month, without fail. I started doing this thirty years ago, and I now have more than 500 stories written in long-hand in notebooks. When I finish one, I immediately start another. As with my novels, most of these aren’t great; I’ve sold about 40 over the years, and most of them never make it out of the notebooks at all. My goal isn’t necessarily to write a brilliant, publishable short story, though- those come as a side-effect of my true goal, which is to practice. To try different things. Working on a story each month means I can play around with a narrative device for a month, then capture an idea that’s been buzzing inside my head the next. After that, I can write a story focusing on a dialog trick I’ve thought of, and the month after that I can write my version of someone else’s story so I can tear apart their style, their mechanics, their tricks, and tics to see what can be seen. Every story I write, month after month, I’m trying something new, something that maybe I’m no good at, something that won’t work at all- but it’s low-risk, because at the end of the month I write The End and mo ve on to the next idea, the next experiment, the next challenge. This has had an incredibly positive effect on my longer works. First of all, some of these experiments lead to ideas and scenarios that grow naturally into novels- my book We Are Not Good People ultimately sprang from a pretty awful short story written a long, long time ago when I thought a mullet was an acceptable hairstyle. And every time I push myself to write a story in a new way, or using new, unfamiliar tools, I get a faint echo of that first crazy energy that drove me to write in the first place. And the fact that every day, without fail, I’m working on a new story means that my mind is always focused on writing and the mechanics of telling a tale, keeping me sharp. The TL;DR version is: Short stories for the Win. So, writers, how do you keep your skills and mind sharp even when your novel only exists as 4,000 Post-It Notes and a dream journal?    Jeff Somers (www.jeffreysomers.com) began writing by court order as an attempt to steer his creative impulses away from engineering genetic grotesqueries. He has published nine novels, including the Avery Cates Series of noir-science fiction novels from Orbit Books (www.avery-cates.com) and the Ustari Cycle  Series of urban fantasy novels. His short story Ringing the Changes was selected for inclusion in Best American Mystery Stories 2006,his story Sift, Almost Invisible, Through appeared in the anthology Crimes by Moonlight edited by Charlaine Harris, and his story Three Cups of Tea  appeared in the anthology Hanzai Japan. He also writes about books for Barnes and Noble and About.com and about the craft of writing for Writer’s Digest, which will publish his book on the craft of writing Writing Without Rules in 2018. He lives in Hoboken with his wife, The Duchess, and their cats. He considers pants to always be optional.

Post Modern Preaching Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Apple Inc. AAPL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Inc. AAPL - Research Paper Example These are supplemented by software platforms like the OS X and iOS operating systems. Te products produced by Apple also vary over a wide range of other products. In this analysis of Apple Inc, this paper will focus on its price history and ratio analysis, which will help in determining its profitability and competitiveness in the market. The competitive position built by Apple Inc is one based on reading the market and understanding what the customer needs in regards to technology. This can be seen from the change in product lines that the company has been going through since its inception. With the advent of computers and the market for personal computers, the company started producing the Macintosh that helped take over the computer market. This changed to the production of laptops in response to the market, and currently, the company is at the forefront in producing mobile phones. The main competitor to the company’s iphone is the threat of competition from Android based phones and applications. An analysis of Apple Inc’s financial history in the last twelve months reveals that the company has had its best performance to date. In august, the stock touched a record high of $665 per share, an indicator of the market conditions that favor the company. However, the bullish market caused the stock to plummet from the august and September highs to another low, but with the regaining market, the company is expected to bounce