History Essays Americas Involvement in the Vietnam War

History Essays Americas Involvement in the Vietnam War How can we explain Americas involvement in the Vietnam War?To what extent did America get it wrong, terribly wrong? Americasofficial explanation for its involvement in the Vietnam War was the containmentof communism and the liberation of the Vietnamese people. As is usually thecase when nations involve themselves in war, the reasons for it are not assimple as are made out. In this essay I will argue that the allied victory inWorld War 2, the Cold War, and the national image, all played a part in Americasinvolvement in Vietnam. Robert McNamara, the then Secretary of Defence, wrotetwenty years after the war We were wrong, terribly wrong.So how did they get it wrong? The blanket answer is their failure to see thatvictory was highly unlikely and victory without massive cost was impossible.Repeated advice to that effect from their own military experts and others wentunheeded. The history of the Vietnamese response to centuries of attack byother nations, the extent of their desire for independence and justice, and thegrass-root support for the iconic Ho Chi Minh and his motivated resistancemovement were not taken into account. I will show that these factors togetherwith civil unrest at home and an unwillingness to lose face are why America gotit terribly wrong. World War 2ended in victory for allied forces with America emerging as a superpower. A newconfidence after pre-war recession found it extending its interests around theworld, with the aim of opening up global markets. At the same time, it wascommitted to protecting those interests against the spread of Communism,predominantly from Russia and China, which might threaten their Capitalistaspirations. Buzzanco (1999, p.16) summarises the U.S. post war agenda: TheUnited states had interests [I]n Europe, Americans hoped to rebuild Britain,Germany, France, Italy, and other countries along Capitalist lines while alsousing those areas to prevent the Soviet Union from spreading Communism beyondEastern Europe, and in Asia, the Japanese, with American direction andaid, were being transformed into the foundation for Capitalist expansion andanti-Communism in Asia. Asself-proclaimed liberators of nations from poverty, and leading protagonists inthe Cold War conflict between Capitalism and Communism, the stage was set forAmerican intervention that would see military action for many years to come.The inevitability of this was seen by certain observers, who realised that therewas but a short step between this containment policy and an indiscriminateglobalism that could compel the United States to intervene militarily on behalfof weak puppet states in remote areas of the world places, that is, likeVietnam. (Logevall, 1999, p.385). In the early1950s, the French occupation of Vietnamwas meeting fierce resistance from the Viet Minh,In response America began sending limited financial and military aid to theFrench occupying forces. By 1954, the occupation was virtually broken and theFrench hold on Vietnam was in dire straits. Conditions in Asia were seen ascritical by the U.S. leadership. France was requesting urgent Americanassistance, and the Chinese Communist Party was gaining increasing power inopposition to the U.S. friendly Chinese government of Jiang Jieshi. The Frenchsituation and the prospect of an independent Vietnam posed two major problemsfor America. Firstly, to withhold assistance from the French would be to risklosing a major ally in the Cold War. Secondly, an independent Vietnam left anopen door for the expansion of Chinese communism into Vietnam and a significantbarrier to U.S. economic development in Asia. In order to confront theseproblems, America began to increase financial aid to massive propo rtions, aswell as military hardware and advisors. At the same time an agreement inGenevaresulted in the partition of Vietnam into the North and South sectors, to becontrolled by the Viet Minh and a nominal moderate power, respectively. Thisarrangement was to exist pending a re-unification election for Vietnam withintwo years. By 1955, America,unhappy with the status quo in Vietnam had installed a pro-Americananti-communistas governor of the Southern sector. Diem subsequently proclaimed his sector asthe Republic of Vietnam. The South now became the central focus for the U.S.and with the inauguration of John F. Kennedy as U.S. President in 1961, cameincreased involvement. Kennedy, reluctant to commit to all out war in Vietnamsaid: Wewill continue to assist [Diem regime] them, but I dont think that thewar can be won unless the people support the effort However, Kennedywas dealing with other problems, and his solutions often went against the grainof more hawkish elements in Washington, which led to pressure on him. Hisdealings with the Russians and Cubaresulted in critics strongly advising that a stand needed to be taken withwhich to assert the image of superpower and that the stand should be made inVietnam. Buzzanco (1999, p.65) writes: oneof his closest advisors, suggested that clean-cut success in Vietnam coulderase the stain of the Bay of Pigs. In Saigon General Lionel McGarr, likewisenoted the White Houses strong determination to stop the deterioration of USprestige By the time ofKennedys death in 1963, over 16,000 U.S. military advisors were deployed inSouth Vietnam, against increasing strikes by the Viet Minh from within SouthVietnam and from the North. Linden Johnson took over the presidency from Kennedy in1963, and vowed to continue the policy of involvement in Vietnam. In the sameyear resistance in South Vietnam increased significantly so that by 1964 thepossibility of the overthrow of the U.S. installed regime loomed large. Johnsonresponded with an escalation in U.S. involvement. By 1965, sustained, intensivebombing campaigns were being carried out on North Vietnam, and the number ofAmerican troops deployed in the South had risen to over 184,000, leavingthousands of American troops dead along with thousands of Vietnamese troops andcivilians. This was despite the misgivings of leading senators who were agreedthat: insofaras Vietnam is concerned we are deeply enmeshed in a place where we ought not tobe; that the situation is rapidly going out of control and every effort shouldbe made to extricate ourselves (Siff, 1999, p.40) The militaryalso were against escalation. The Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, GeneralWestmoreland expressed strong reservations: Westmorelandwas likewise reluctant to fight in Vietnam. In September 1964, the commanderdid not contemplate putting US troops into combat; that would be amistake, because it is the Vietnameses wara purely military solution isnot possible (Buzzanco, p.74) By the end of1967, the number of U.S. troops deployed in Vietnam had reached half a million.Despite this, there was no sign of an American victory, and despite increasingconviction among the military, senators, financial institutions and largeportions of the American public, there was no movement by its leadership toextricate the nation from a seemingly losing battle. The fear of Communism andlosing face in the eyes of the world left America locked into a no-winnightmare. The VietnameseNationalist forces, although sustaining heavy casualties throughout the war,constantly gained the upper hand and were always able to replace their losses.A major figure behind the success of their campaign for independence was Ho ChiMinh. Minh was inspired by the historic resistance of the Vietnamese peoplethroughout centuries of invasion by other nations. The Mongols, Chinese andFrench had all encountered fanatical opposition to occupation. Even if it tookyears, the Vietnamese fought doggedly to victory, and when World War 2 broughtanother occupation, this time by the Japanese, Ho Chi Minh: Ledan underground, communist-led resistance movement called the Viet Minh (theLeague for Vietnamese Independence) against the Japanese invaders Well-organised but under-funded the Viet Minh carried out a campaign ofterrorism and intelligence-gathering (Elliot, 1996, p.22). The Japanesesurrendered to allied troops in 1944 and the prospect of an independent Vietnamlooked possible. It was not to be though. The French re-established controlwith the help of the British and once again the Vietnamese found themselvesfighting for freedom. Over the next thirty years the Viet Minh (came to beknown as the Viet Cong in the South) proved to consist of soldiers andsupporters with high discipline, motivation and confidence in their quest forliberation from first the French and then the U.S. and its puppet regime.Those qualities and the advantage of fighting in their own land and on theirown terrain were factors in their eventual ejection of America. In Ho Chi Minhand the Viet Minh, the Americans: Wouldface a leader and organisation that seemed dedicated to their defeat and whocarefully and effectively used the images of rebellion that resonated deep inthe Vietnamese past (Edmonds, 1998, p.33). The Americanforces contrasted sharply with that of their enemy. Apart from having to fighta guerrilla war, for which they were not trained or experienced, on unknownterrain, civil unrest at home impacted deeply on morale and discipline. At theheight of the Vietnam War, America was seeing violent protest and massdemonstrations on civil rights issues. Martin Luther King was openly condemningthe Vietnam War along with other civil rights campaigners. A member of the StudentNonviolent Coordinating Committee: Warnedblacks that when LBJ talks all that garbage about hes sending boys over thereto fight for the rights of coloured people, you ought to know thats a lie.Cause we live here with them, and they dont ever do a thing for us. Hewent on to describe the war as white people sending black people to makewar on yellow people to defend the land they stole from red people.(Buzzanco,p.206) The messageresonated with the thousands of black soldiers in Vietnam and contributed toracial division, often resulting in ghetto environments in which ethnic groupsswore allegiance only to themselves and rejected others. Further, a lack ofleadership conviction in the war caused by deep rifts in policy making and thedirection it should take, inevitably filtered down through the chain of commandto the white soldiers on the ground. Disillusionment in the cause for war, andexposure to the brutalities caused by it, hit morale hard, and drugs andalcohol use became rife among troops. Capps (1991, p.34) writes: Whatwas experienced was the harshness of war: brutality, death, and atrocitywithout a comprehensive rationale to seal over the reality. The Vietnam Warprovided no transcendent meaning by which the national purpose could beinterpreted American unwillingness to accept the prospect of defeatand loss of face continued after Johnson and throughout the Nixon presidency,keeping its troops in Vietnam until 1975. I have argued that the emergence of America from World War2, as a superpower with aspirations of global expansion and a dedication tooppose Communism wherever it deemed fit, led to its involvement in Vietnam. Arefusal to withdraw in the face of defeat, in order to maintain its image as asuperpower in the eyes of the world, and in fear of the Communist threat, meantan involvement that lasted over two decades. The last thirteen years of it cost58,000 American and at least 1.5 million Vietnamese lives, as well as thedestruction of millions of acres of land. By misjudging the resources of theVietnamese people, and disregarding the voice of its own people, the cost paidfailed to achieve the aims for Americas involvement and resulted in themgetting it Wrong, terribly wrong. Bibliography Buzzanco, R. (1999) Vietnam and the Transformation ofAmerican Life Oxford, Blackwell. Capps, W. (1991) The Vietnam Reader New York,Routledge. Edmonds, A. (1998) The War in Vietnam U.S.A.,Greenwood Press. Elliott, P. (1996) Vietnam Conflict and ControversyNew York, Arms Armour Press. Kissinger, H. (2003) Ending the Vietnam War NewYork, Simon Schuster. Logevall, F. (1999) Choosing WarCalifornia, University of California Press. Prados, J. (1995) The Hidden History of the Vietnam WarU.S.A., Ivan R. Dee. Siff, E. (1999) Why the Senate Slept U.S.A.,Praeger Publishers.

An Essay on the American Civil War

An Essay on the American Civil War Civil War Essay The Killer Angels, By Micheal Shaara tells the story of one of the bloodiest battles during the Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought for three days July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This battle is considered to be the turning point of the war, whichever side was to win this battle would overall win the whole war. The Battle of Gettysburg was not only the most significant of the civil was it was the battle with most casualties in the American Civil War. One of the biggest questions about the Civil War is why the men of both sides fought. The answer is not as simple as many might think. Most people, before reading this book probably thought the South fought the war only because they wanted to keep their slaves. This was only the case for a few Southerners, contrary to popular belief only a small percentage of people in the south owned slaves. Each side, the North and the South had their own reasons, but both a lso had one similar cause in common for fighting in the Civil War. In the beginning cause for the South was more about for the right to secede, and the North was about preserving the Union. But as the war went on, the causes to fight changed. The North then added that they were fighting to free the slaves, and the South fought to keep their constitutional rights to owning a slave. The South fought for their constitutional rights as a separate nation. These ideals definitely molded the way the war was fought by the South. The Confederate states seceded from the union over the issue of states’ rights and the power of state governments to totally rule over its land and decide its own issues. The South felt as if they were being controlled by the Northern government, which to felt like a foreign government. â€Å"Youve gotta tell them that what were fighting for here is the is the freedom from what we consider to be the rule of a foreign power! I mean, thats all we want. Thats what this war is all about.† This quote that was said by Armistead, expresses how the South felt about the North. The South was clearly angry because the North, where the Federal Government was located did not know what was necessary to help the South prosper. This also shows that the war was not only about slavery. The Confederates were mostly protecting their families and property from destruction, shown mainly in the later stages of war. To go along with that, many Confederate soldiers expressed the fear of being controlled by the North. This reaction, along with wanting self-government, seemed to be the main reason that kept the Confederate’s spirits high throughout most of the war, even in spite of the Union’s military advantages. Many Southerners believing that they would have their own nation also lead to their high spirits. They were attempting to establish a new nation and were put down by Lincoln. Lincoln claimed that secession was illegal, and did not want to allow the southern states to secede. â€Å"Now you suppose that we all join a club, a gentlemens club. And then, well, after a time, several of the members began to, uh began to *intrude* themselves into our private lives, our home lives. Began tellin us what we could do, what we couldnt do. Well, then, wouldnt any one of us have the right to resign?† This quote from the book expresses how the South felt about not being allowed to secede. The Northerner’s reason to fight in the Civil War was to preserve and restore the union. The Union believed that the Southern States did not have the right to leave the Union because they were a part of America. When interpreting of theConstitution, there were two different iadeals on the role of the federal government. Federalists believed that the federal government and the executive branch needed to maintain their power for the Union to survive. The anti-federalists believed that states should keep much of their authority and power within the new nation. Preserving the union was not a very popular cause in The Killer Angels and in the actual Civil War. This was mostly because majority of men didn’t want to fight for a cause that didn’t have a lot of emotional connection behind it. That is why preserving the Union was not mentioned much though out the book as much as freeing the slaves. â€Å"I dont really understand it. Never have. The more I think on it the more it horrifies me. How can they look in the eyes of a man and make a slave of him and then quote the Bible? But then right after that, after I left the room, the other one came to see me, the professor. I could see he was concerned, and I respected him, and he apologized for having offended me in my own home.(177). Through this quote one can see just how important the cause for abolishing slavery was to the Northern army. They felt it was their duty to stop the oppression of blacks, in order to restore the country as a whole. As the Civil War went on, it soon became obvious to most that the Union could not be restored unless slavery, the cause of the conflict was abolished. With that, the objective for the war had been changed. The issue of slavery now mattered to Union Soldiers, especially after Abraham Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation. This officially freed slaves that were being held in Confederate-controlled areas. Many people in the North opposed the emancipation, but during the second half of the war, many people began to change their minds when they realized that emancipation could affect Union morale in a positive way by supporting it, Instead of just fighting for the idea of â€Å"saving the Union†, the soldiers were now fighting for the cause of liberty as well. â€Å"This was the first place on earth where the man mattered more than the state. True freedom had begun here and it would spread eventually over all the earth. But it had begun here. The fact of slavery upon this incredibly beautiful new clean earth was appalling, but more even than that was the horror of old Europe, the curse of nobility, which the South was transplanting to new soil. They were forming a new aristocracy, a new breed of glittering men, and Chamberlain had come to crush it. But he was fighting for the dignity of man and I that way he was fighting for himself. If men were equal in America, all the former Poles and English and Czechs and blacks, then they were equal everywhere, and there was really no such thing as foreigner; there were only free men and slaves. And so it was not even patriotism but a new faith. The Frenchman may fight for France, but the American fights for mankind, for freedom; for the people, not the land. (27) The cause of liberty, as defined by both sides, figured highly in the reasoning of many soldiers. Those of the North felt they were fighting to not only preserve the Union but to keep alive the spirit of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution. Lastly, and perhaps more pronounced as the War dragged on, the soldiers of both sides fought for each other. Many of us volunteered to fight for the Union. Some came mainly because we were bored at home and this looked like it might be fun. Some came because we were ashamed not to. Many came because it was the right thing to do. This is a different kind of army. If you look at history you’ll see men fight for pay, or women, or some other kind of loot. They fight for land, power, or because a king makes them, or just because they like killing. But we’re here for something new. This has not happened much, in the history of the world: We are an army out to set other men free. America should be free ground, all of it, from here to the Pacific Ocean. No man has to bow, no man born to royalty. Here we judge you by what you do, not by who your father was. Here you can be something. Here is the place to build a home. But it’s not the land. There’s always more land. It’s the idea that we all have value, you and me. What we’re fighting for, in the end†¦ we’re fighting for each other. (32) The Civil War gave back Americas title as a country that fights for freedom, a title that America previously claimed to be in its constitution. The Civil War proved that the USA was a country of freedom-fighters. The major similarity between the two sides that appears in the book is how that both sides believed that they were fighting to preserve the rights of others. Soldiers on both sides believed that they were fighting for the same basic idea of liberty, but they interpreted it in completely different ways. People in the Union believed that the preservation of the U. S. government was most important, with natural rights of humans coming second. The Confederates, believed that the government was more a part of the problem than the solution, and that the solution (for the confederates) was to rebel. In their eyes they saw the North as tyrannical and controlling. Both sides also turned to nationalistic and patriotic ideas. The nationalism of the Union soldiers was more evident, beca use Lincoln from the very beginning of the war had been fighting to preserve the Union. With the help of reading The Killer Angels, one will certainly grasp the essence of the Civil War and why it was fought. Both sides knew what they were fighting for and believed their causes were worthy of losing men. While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves and the restoration of the union, while Southerners focused on defending their right to self-govern. In the end, the one significant similarity the North and the South had was that they were Americans fighting for their liberties and what they believed in.

Is There Any Solace For The Lonely :: essays research papers

Is There Any Solace For The Lonely? Our culture is too civilized to allow the physical torture of criminals. Therefore, solitary confinement is used as an alternative punishment for prisoners serving time. Solitary confinement seems like a joke, being alone in an enclosed room with no human contact for a few weeks. Yet, being alienated and lonely are very effective methods of psychological torture. In fact, the sense of loneliness is so overwhelming, it tends to drive criminals mad. The problem with loneliness is that it does not just affect prisoners in solitary, it can overwhelm anyone at anytime. What was once an emotional state of being that only afflicted the elderly, is now commonplace for the youth of tomorrow. Many are looking for deeper insight about the causes of loneliness in adolescents, which is defined as a "sense of absence or loss even in the midst of a crowd" (Jain 1). The best source for a greater understanding about loneliness is poet, Brian Brennan. His poem "Under Solace Tree&qu ot; reveals how social gauntlets and adolescent alienation are the primary causes of loneliness. Social gauntlets are the primary differentiation between adult and teenage loneliness. Adults are not as likely to undertake social "tests" to try and fit in. Older individuals usually have discovered who they are and accept it. The problem with youngsters is that they are still looking for acceptance and a sense of belonging. As a result, the "in-crowd" develops unspoken tests and tribulations for newcomers who wish to join. Such trials could be as discreet as being a good athlete, in order to be accepted into the "jock" crowd. On the other hand, "burn-outs" would not trust you, or even remotely invite you into their "club" if you refused to smoke marijuana with them. Social gauntlets are used to weed out those that are deemed "not worthy" to join, from those that are. When a new member is accepted, it acts like an ego boost for that individual, thereby increasing their self-esteem. Although, the self-image boost lasts only as long as the group, leaving the youth worse off than before when it disperses, because now they have sacrificed their independence for acceptance. On the other hand, failing to pass social gauntlets will have detrimental effects on the flunky. It will cause loneliness, the feeling of an ache more painful than any physical wound (Jain 2).

Essay --

Over the past decade it has been recorded that the elephant population has dropped by 62%. In 1977, 1.3 million elephants roamed the great plains of Africa. By 1997, only 60 thousand remained and by 2006, there were only 10 thousand wild elephants left in Africa. Unfortunately, these numbers are not getting any better. Today elephant poaching is illegal, but that is not stopping it from happening. Both African and Asian elephants are still being killed for their valuable tusks. The tusks of elephants are created of ivory. This has been an extremely valuable substance for years and killing elephants is one of the few ways people can obtain it. Money drives our world and our economy, so people will do a lot in order to get the money they want. That’s not the only cause of this epidemic, though. Not only do poachers want the elephant’s large tusks, but some hunters also consider elephants as a trophy animal. This means that people are killing elephants so they can bring t hem home and put their heads on display. It’s a way to gloat and illustrate their hunting skills. This pursuit of ivory and trophies by hunters is further damaging our ecosystem as well as the mental and emotional stability of elephants around the world. Research has now been able to help prove that elephants do not only suffer Physical damage from poaching, but they are also suffering from mental and emotional damage. After years of studying these enormous beauties, scientists have discovered that elephants are capable of complex thought and deep feeling of emotions, emotions being plural. Research has proven that elephants’ have a variety of emotions that they express during different times and situations in the wild. They react to events in a way that is so cl... ...a huge accomplishment to take down one of the biggest animals in the world. It illustrates the hunter’s strength, patience, and talent. Most trophy hunters would love to have an elephant to show. Hunts are usually supervised by a game warden. A technician also accompanies the hunters in order to make legal trophies, usually from the tusks and the feet. The meat of the elephants is disrupted among local people in the area. This helps decrease waste from the elephant and helps use more than just the ivory. In some regions of Africa, large game hunts may help to also generate more income to average and below average villages than conventional agriculture. This is usually due to the challenging environment for successful crop growth. Drought has recently been a growing cause of these poor conditions. It is affecting the people, and the animals in this habitat greatly.

managed healthcare of the elderly

Changes occurring in Health care delivery and Medicine are the result of social, economical, technological, scientific forces that have evolved in the 21st century. Among the most significant changes are shift in disease patterns, advanced technology, increased consumer expectations and high costs of health care. These factors have redefined medical practices to fit into the changing health delivery system. Thus, medical profession is ‘Accountable’ to the society. i.e,obliged to the laws regulating the professional activity. This ‘accountability’ is usually spelt out in â€Å"patient Care Documents† established by hospital associations and medical associations or councils of every country. In addition, medical profession has defined its standards of accountability through a formal code of ethics. There has been a recent significant increase in the number of elderly patients in palliative care units of hospitals in U.S.A and every healthcare delivery system aims to provide the elderly community in need of many services including physical therapy, speech therapy and chemotherapy due to many disabling and terminal diseases. But most of these elderly patients prefer to receive their end life care in a hospice rather than in palliative care units of hospitals. HOSPICE –A MANAGED HEALTHCARE FOR THE TERMINALLY ILL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ELDERLY PATIENTS Hospice is a coordinated programme of inter disciplinary care provided primarily in the home of the terminally ill patients. The palliative care is the comprehensive care for patients whose disease is not responsive to cure and hence are terminally ill. In the past two decades there has been a study of enormous magnitude in the palliative care segment and various factors have been identified like, respecting patient’s goals, preferences and choices, attending to the medical, emotional, social and spiritual needs of the person, using strengths of interdisciplinary resources, acknowledging and addressing concerns and building mechanisms and systems of support. Many terminally ill elderly patients suffer only when they do not receive adequate care for the symptoms accompanying their serious illness. This is significant in the changing health care scenario where the patient is well informed, has the right to accept or refuse a treatment, issue advance directives and even appoint a proxy directive. Managed care for the elderly population is relevant in the present day health scenario where euthanasia and physician assisted deaths have found a legal niche as in the State of Oregon. THE MANAGED CARE ADVANTAGE Any health care delivery system is  primarily committed to the principles of patient self-care on the principles of Dorothea Orem (1971) with emphasis on client’s self-care needs. Self-care, according to Orem, is a learned, goal-oriented activity directed towards the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development and well being. The ultimate emphasis of Orem’s theory is on client’s self care. Accordingly, care is needed when the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs and the health care giver determines by duty why a client is unable to meet the needs or what must be done to enable the client to meet them. Health care of elderly population demands enormous resources of time, energy and money. Hence, every family looks up to any such programs with some faith element. Care of terminally ill population is   still more stressful for the family in a hospice setting and any hospice setting requires a inter disciplinary care provided primarily in the home of the terminally ill patients. Such patients are usually immobilized and it is not medically advisable to take them to a hospital for therapies. Thus, the significance of the services being taken to the patient’s home, especially the elderly, by health care organizations is the need of the hour and future with the time constraints faced by many families in the super fast world in taking these elderly people for a regular therapy, the advantages the patients get in terms of pain relief, effective communication capacity and symptom relief. This feature distinguishes the program from the rest of the health care programs that are currently available. The implementation schedule, i.e., the chronological sequence of events and activities that need to be achieved over a defined period of time to achieve the Goals and Objectives has to be defined by the Organizational Structure of the healthcare delivery system which identifies and describes the role of individuals, and their relationships in the system, who are key to the success of the program. THE DISADVANTAGE There is a perennial shortage of occupational, physical and speech therapists in the health care system in the USA. Thus, there is a growing demand and proportional short supply of professionals. Cognitive impairments pose a serious barrier on the reliability of geriatric assessments (Weiner et.al, 1999). Some of these patients may be marginally competent and some may be incompetent. Effects of cognitive impairment on the reliability of geriatric assessments has been studied recently to explore the relationship between cognitive status and reliability of multidimensional assessment data. The studies have proved that the reliability of the patient’s communication and sensory ability are affected by cognitive status. Thus, any such program aimed at the elderly population should be implemented with care with documented informed consent. REFERENCE Addington Thomas et.al, ‘Ethics and communication with the Terminally ill’, Vol 7(3), 267-281, 1995, Health Communication. Anderson Christina et, al, ‘Continuous Video recording; a new clinical research tool for studying the nursing care of cancer patients, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 35(2), 257, July 2001. Astudillo Wilson et, al ‘How can relations be improved between the family and the support team during the care of terminally ill patients?.’ Supportive Care in Cancer Vol 3(1), 72-77, Jan 1995. Barrington Dianne et, al, ‘Facilitating communication and interactional skills with terminally ill patients’ -Teaching and Learning Forum 97, Australia. Chochinov Harvey Max et.al, ‘Prognostic awareness and the terminally ill’, Psychosomatics, Vol 41, 500-504, Dec 2000. Weiner D et, al, ‘Chronic pain associated behaviors in the nursing home : resident verses care giver’s perceptions’, Pain, Vol 80(3), 577-88, Apr 1999.

Process Writtun Format

MARKING SCHEME FOR WRITING PORTFOLIO (20 MARKS) WRITING PORTFOLIO (20%) PORTFOLIO 1. MARK Entry 1 2 paragraphs with topic sentences in 2 different locations 2. Entry 2 2 paragraphs that have different strategies of introduction 3. Entry 3 i) one(1) paragraph with a number of cohesive devices ii) two(2) paragraphs with different strategies of conclusion. 4. Entry 5 2 marks (1 mark for each introduction strategy) 3 marks (1/2 mark for each cohesive device : at least 2 cohesive devices) (1 mark each for conclusion strategy) Entry 4 5. 2 marks (1 mark for each topic entence) 7 marks (1 mark for each error free Acknowledge the sources of portfolio entry 1-3 using source) the APA format (7 paragraphs from 7 different sources) 6 marks (1 mark for each point) Thorough analysis of an expository essay: i) Introduction strategy ii) Thesis statement iii) Topic sentences iv) Type of supporting detail v) Cohesive devices vi) Concluding strategy TOTAL = 20 MARKS xxv MARKING SCHEME FOR SUMMARY WRITI NG (30 MARKS) (QUIZ 20%) *subject to change Content: 11 marks Documentation: Language: 4 marks 10 marks Paraphrasing: 5 marks __________ 0 marks 1. Content: 11 marks Topic sentence/introduction Supporting details Concluding sentence 2. 1 mark 9 marks (6 details @ 1? points each – ? for the technique, 1 for elaboration) 1 mark Documentation: 4 marks Quotation Paraphrase with proper use of one reporting verb. Reference 3. mentioning 1 mark 1 mark 2 marks Language Band Very Good to Excellent 9 – 10 Highly organized order of relevant points. Effective use of transition words and phrases for a smooth flow of sentences a nd messages are clearly conveyed. Minimal errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation.Fairly Good to Good 7-8 Logical order of relevant points. Adequate use of transition words and phrases for a satisfactory flow of sentences and messages are sufficiently conveyed. Several errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. xxvi Fair to Average 4-6 Loosely organize d with a scattering of relevant points. Inadequate use of transition words and phrases leading to a lack of continuity in sentence f low and relatively distorted message. Frequent errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. Very Poor to Poor 1–3 4. Extremely disorganized with disjointed points.An absence of transition words and phrases leading to total disarray in sentence flow, hardly communicating any message. Numerous errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. Paraphrasing Band Very Good to Excellent 5 Impressive paraphrasing; very little lifting from original text. Fairly Good to Good 4 A satisfactory attempt at paraphrasing; some lifting from original text. Fair to Average 3 Very little paraphrasing; mainly lifting chunks out of original text. Very Poor to Poor 1–2 Copying word for word from original text. xxvii MARKING SCHEME FOR ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY (50 MARKS) WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 5%) CONTENT: 20 MARKS RHETORICAL STRUCTURE: 10 MARKS LANGUAGE: 20 MARKS CONTENT (2 0 MARKS) PREPARATION AND INTRODUCTION (5 MARKS) Audience 1 mark Purpose 1 mark (to convince/ to persuade/ to urge/ to influence) INTRODUCTION General statement : 1 mark W riter’s Stand : 1 mark Thesis statement : 1 mark (must include 2 pro-arguments & 1 counter argument) BODY PARAGRAPHS (12 MARKS) PRO-ARGUMENT PARAGRAPH 1 (4 marks) Topic Sentence Supporting details 1 mark 3 marks (1 ? mark for each relevant supporting detail) PRO-ARGUMENT PARAGRAPH 2 (4 marks) Topic SentenceSupporting details 1 mark 3 marks (1 ? mark for each relevant supporting detail) COUNTER-ARGUMENT PARAGRAPH (4 marks) Topic Sentence Supporting details 1 mark 3 marks (1 ? mark for each relevant supporting detail) CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH (3 MARKS) Summary/Restatement of ideas Comment Restatement of stand 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark xxviii RHETORICAL STRUCTURE (10 MARKS) This refers to the ability of the writer to persuade his or her stand using ideas, connective words and staying within the topic. Marks in this sect ion are awarded for the following: Unity: This refers to the points made.All statements must be related to the point being made. If there are irrelevant statements in the paragraph, then we say that there is no unity in the paragraph. Coherence: Refers to the arrangement or ordering of sentences and paragraphs (time order, order of importance, cause and effect order, etc. ) Transitions: the signal words that are used to show the link between sentences and ideas (firstly, next, moreover, however. ) MARKS IMPRESSION DESCRIPTORS 9-10 Very good Appropriate linking words are used effectively to link the sentences and ideas. There is very strong unity in the paragraphs.Paragraphs have been ordered to a preconceived pattern of organization. 7- 8 Good Appropriate linking words are used less effectively to link the sentences and ideas. There is a strong unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have been ordered to a reasonable preconceived pattern of organization. 5-6 Average Appropriate linking words are used to link the sentences and ideas but sometimes inadequately. There is some unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have been ordered and some parts of the pattern can be discerned. 3-4 Weak Some appropriate linking words are used to link the sentences and ideas but insufficient.There is hardly unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have been ordered but no pattern can be discerned. xxix 0-2 Poor No appropriate linking words are used to link the sentences and ideas. There is no unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have not been ordered. They are just blocks of writing not related to one another. LANGUAGE (20 MARKS) MARKS IMPRESSION DESCRIPTORS 17-20 Very good Language accurate with very few minor errors. Spelling mostly accurate. Uses appropriate and varied vocabulary. Uses variety of sentence structures to express ideas Presents views effectively. 13-16 GoodLanguage used fairly accurate with some minor errors. Spelling to a large extend accurate, although errors are found. Voc abulary used is varied and appropriate although some may not be appropriate. Variety of sentence structures are used although not perfect. Presents view points quite effectively. 10-12 Average Language used may sometimes be inaccurate. Spelling mistakes do occur but do not affect comprehensibility. Uses some appropriate vocabulary but generally lacking in variety. Uses sentence structures that are simple to express ideas. Attempts to presents views satisfactorily. xxx 5-9Weak A lot of grammatical mistakes in the script. Spelling mistakes are very rampant which makes reading difficult. Poor vocabulary. Sentences structures are mainly simple types. Hardly any attempt to present view points. 0-4 Poor Multiple errors found throughout the script. Meaning is not clear. Vocabulary inappropriate. No attempt to present view points. xxxi ORAL PRESENTATION EVALUATION FORM (50 MARKS) ORAL PRESENTATION 15% ORAL PRESENTATION (GROUP: ___________) Debate topic: _____________________________________ _______________ ___________ Affirmative (Speaker A) Negative (Speaker B)Affirmative/ Negative (Speaker C) Name : ________________ Name : ________________ Name : ____________________ Matric No: ______________ Matric No: _______________ Matric No: __________________ SPEAKER A DELIVERY SPEAKER B SPEAKER C 1 2 3 4 5 Eye contact 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Fluency 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Enthusiasm 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Body Language 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Adherence to time limits 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 SPEAKER A 1 2 3 4 CONTENT 5 SPEAKER B Definition/Explanation of SPEAKER C 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Proposition 1 2 3 4 5 Refutation/Rebuttal 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Supporting evidence 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Language 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Organisation 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Speaker A: ________/50 marks Speaker B: ________/50 marks Speaker C: ________/50 marks xxxii MARKING SCHEME FOR EXEMPLIFICATION & COMPARISON AND CONSTRAST ESSAYS (50 MARKS) (FINAL EXAMINA TION 50%) CONTENT: 20 MARKS RHETORICAL STRUCTURE: 10 MARKS LANGUAGE: 20 MARKS CONTENT (20 MARKS) INTRODUCTION (3 MARKS) Introductory statement: 1 mark Background information: 1 mark Thesis statement: 1 mark (must include 3 main points) BODY PARAGRAPHS (15 MARKS)BODY PARAGRAPH 1 (5 marks) Topic Sentence Supporting details 1 mark 4 marks (Award 2 marks for each relevant supporting detail) *0 mark for off-topic supporting detail/topic sentence BODY PARAGRAPH 2 (5 marks) Topic Sentence Supporting details 1 mark 4 marks (Award 2 marks for each relevant supporting detail) *0 mark for off-topic supporting detail/topic sentence BODY PARAGRAPH 3 (5 marks) Topic Sentence Supporting details 1 mark 4 marks (Award 2 marks for each relevant supporting detail) *0 mark for off-topic supporting detail/topic sentence CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH (2 MARKS) Summary/RestatementComment (Concluding technique) 1 mark 1 mark xxxiii RHETORICAL STRUCTURE (10 MARKS) This refers to the ability of the writer to persuade his or her stand using ideas, connective words and staying within the topic. Marks in this section are awarded for the following: Unity: This refers to the points made. All statements must be related to the point being made. If there are irrelevant statements in the paragraph, then we say that there is no unity in the paragraph. Coherence: Refers to the arrangement or ordering of sentences and paragraphs (time order, order of importance, cause and effect order, etc. Transitions: the signal words that are used to show the link between sentences and ideas (firstly, next, moreover, however. ) MARKS IMPRESSION DESCRIPTORS 9-10 Very good Appropriate linking words are used effectively to link the sentences and ideas. There is very strong unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have been ordered to a preconceived pattern of organization. 7- 8 Good Appropriate linking words are used less effecti vely to link the sentences and ideas. There is a strong unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have be en ordered to a reasonable preconceived pattern of organization. 5-6 AverageAppropriate linking words are used to link the sentences and ideas but sometimes inadequately. There is some unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have been ordered and some parts of the pattern can be discerned. 3-4 W eak Some appropriate linking words are used to link the sentences and ideas but insufficient. There is hardly unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have been ordered but no pattern can be discerned. xxxiv 0-2 Poor No appropriate linking words are used to link the sentences and ideas. There is no unity in the paragraphs. Paragraphs have not been ordered. They are just blocks of writing not related to one another.LANGUAGE (20 MARKS) MARKS IMPRESSION DESCRIPTORS 17-20 Very good Language accurate with very few minor errors. Spelling mostly accurate. Uses appropriate and varied vocabulary. Uses variety of sentence structures to express ideas Presents views effectively. 13-16 Good Language used fairly a ccurate with some minor errors. Spelling to a large extend accurate, although errors are found. Vocabulary used is varied and appropriate although some may not be appropriate. Variety of sentence structures are used although not perfect. Presents view points quite effectively. 10-12 Average Language used may sometimes be inaccurate.Spelling mistakes do occur but do not affect comprehensibility. Uses some appropriate vocabulary but generally lacking in variety. Uses sentence structures that are simple to express ideas. Attempts to presents views satisfactorily. xxxv 5-9 W eak A lot of grammatical mistakes in the script. Spelling mistakes are very rampant which makes readin g difficult. Poor vocabulary. Sentences structures are mainly simple types. Hardly any attempt to present view points. 0-4 Poor Multiple errors found throughout the script. Meaning is not clear. Vocabulary inappropriate. No attempt to present view points. xxxvi

Using an Appropriate Framework of Analysis, Briefly Summarize

THIS CASE STUDY IS AVAILABLE FOR YOU TO WRITE UP AS YOUR FIRST ASSIGNMENT IF YOU WISH. SEE DETAILS OF ASSESSMENTS IN THIS MODULE STUDY GUIDE. Ready meal manufacturers ready to respond to a changing marketing environment CASE STUDY FOR DISCUSSION IN WEEK THREE It is often said that ‘we are what we eat’, but it can also be said that what is on our dinner plates reflects the broader marketing environment. One big change in recent years has been the growing demand for ready prepared meals brought from a supermarket.Previously dismissed as unpalatable and a poor substitute for ‘real’ cooking, their sales have grown rapidly in recent years in many western developed countries. An analysis of the reasons for the growth in the ready prepared meals indicates the effects of broader factors in the market environment on the size of a particular market. The research company Mintel reported in 2007 that the market for ready meals in the five largest European countries incr eased by 5% between 2006 and 2007 alone to reach â‚ ¬8. 4 billion.Moreover, it predicted a further 18% growth to reach the â‚ ¬10 billion mark by 2011. In the UK, the market was worth a total of â‚ ¬2 billion, with a much higher level of sales per head of population than in France or Germany. Intel predicted that between 2006 and 2011, UK ready meals sales would reach â‚ ¬3. 7 billion, with about a quarter of all Brits likely to eat a ready meal at least once a week. It seemed that the appetite for ready meals would grow more slowly in other European countries, for example Mintel predicted that by 2011, only 9% of Germans would eat a ready meal each week.What has driven the growth in the ready meals market in recent years, and why should there be differences in market potential between countries? Technology has played a big role in the growing take-up of ready meals. A report by the research body Leatherhead Food International described how new techniques have allowed co mpanies to develop ready meals which preserve taste and texture, while still making them easy to use by the consumer. Furthermore, great advances in distribution management, in particular the se of information technology to control inventories, has allowed fresh, chilled ready meals to be quickly, effectively and efficiently distributed without the need for freezing or added preservatives. The structure and values of society have contributed to the growth of the UK ready meal market, and may explain why growth here is greater than in France or Germany. Ready meals particularly appealed to single households, and those ‘cellular’ families in which individual family members tend to eat at different times.Mintel reported that the tradition of family meals together remains stronger in many continental European countries than in the UK, which may help to explain the greater popularity of individual ready meals in the UK. Some social commentators have reported that young peopl e have lost the ability to cook creatively, as cookery has been reduced in importance in the school curriculum. Furthermore, many UK consumers no longer feel a social stigma attached to eating a ready meal, something which would be anathema to many people in France a country which takes great pride in its national cuisine.Any remaining stigma has been reduced by the number of ‘celebrity chefs’ who have endorsed ready meals with their own brand image. The impact of the economic environment on sales of ready meals is slightly more ambiguous. As individuals grow richer, they can afford to buy ready prepared foods, rather than spend time and effort preparing it themselves. With a tempting range of ready meals now available, from duck a l’orange to beef bourguignon, the consumer with money in his or her pocket will be tempted to splash out on a ready meal, rather than stay at home with a ‘quick’ jacket potato or pizza.Although rising incomes have been ass ociated with rising consumption of ready meals, increased sales have also been attributed to a deteriorating economic environment. As recession bit in the UK in 2008. The manufacturer Northern Foods – a major supplier of ready prepared meals to Marks & Spencer – reported resilient sales. It seemed that consumers were trading down from expensive restaurant meals to the alternative of relatively cheap, gourmet ready prepared meals. Of course, marketers should be more interested in predicting future effects f environmental change on consumption, rather than merely charting historical trends. So what do current trends hold for future sales of ready meals? The growing pressure on individuals’ available time, matched with long-term rising disposable incomes, will doubtless continue to fuel the growth in UK ready meals sales. In a market that is in its maturity stage, more attention will need to be paid to competitive differentiation, and understanding the way in which customers attribute value to a product.Many consumers have become increasingly concerned about the health implications of the food they eat, and ready meal manufacturers will need to continue responding to such concerns. For example, they have responded with a range of low calorie meals, and addressed specific, sometimes transient, health fads, for example with respect to trans-fatty acids and Omega 3 supplements. Many consumers have also become concerned about the ecological environment, and some suppliers, such as Marks & Spencer, have incorporated sustainability agendas into their ready meals, for example by reducing packaging and sourcing supplies from sustainable sources.As other countries develop cellular household structures, with more professional, single people living alone, export opportunities may grow, and many companies in the sector have their eyes set on the Chinese and Indian markets, among others. Case study review questions 1. Using an appropriate framework of ana lysis, briefly summarize the effects of change in the marketing environment on sales of ready meals. (60%) 2. Discuss the factors that might affect sales of ready meals in your country over the next five years. (40%)